Physical Computing

Build circuits, solder and learn how to use electronic components and micro-controllers including: Arduino, Particle Photon, Raspberry Pi, Bare Conductive Touch Board, sensors, motors, NeoPixels, DMX, Bluetooth, Kinect and Leap Motion. Create interactive objects that respond to touch, distance, movement, temperature or light.

Our electronics bench in the lab has a set of equipment for soldering electronics, please email us for an induction.

Useful learning resources

Books

Websites

Videos

Where to buy components

The following list is of common suppliers, other than eBay...

Electronics

UK

Arduino boards, shields, etc...

Components

Robotics + components

International

Materials

Craft materials

Model shop

Mechanical parts

Tutorials

Tutorials

How to install libraries

Arduino libraries are collections of code that are designed to provide additional, reusable functionality or to simplify using external electronic modules.

Libraries typically come with examples of how to use them. The library developer usually provides online documentation and explains how it possibly relates to what you are trying to achieve.

Installing a library

There are three different ways to install libraries; we'll show you each of them.

Arduino Library Manager

The simplest method of installing libraries is using the Library Manager built into the Arduino IDE.

You can access the Library Manager from the menu bar: Sketch - Include Library - Manage Libraries...

manageLibraries.png

A new window will open: libraryManager.png

From here you can search for libraries to use in your code. Only a few libraries are currently available this way, as this feature is relatively new. You will often have to manually download and install a library, following the other two processes.

ZIP library

Locate and download a library you wish to use. Sometimes the library will download as a *.zip archive, which can sometimes be installed directly without restarting the Arduino IDE.

Similar to the Library Manager, this option is in the menu bar: Sketch - Include Library - Add .ZIP Library... addZip.png

Use the file dialog to locate and select the zip file from your Downloads folder. You will be notified if the installation has been successful – otherwise you'll need to install manually.

Manually adding libraries

This is the original method of adding libraries.

  1. Locate the Arduino folder inside your Documents directory.
  2. Open the libraries folder. If not found, create a new folder with that name (must be lowercase).
  3. Unzip the library archive that you wish to install.
  4. Inside the archive you should find a folder bearing the name of the library – for example 'MPR121'.
  5. Copy this entire folder (named 'MPR121' in our example) into the Arduino's libraries folder.
  6. Restart the Arduino IDE.
  7. In the menu bar, select Sketch > Include Library. You should now see that your library is listed.
Tutorials

Powering an Arduino

How to power an Arduino

Here is some resources about powering Arduino or other electronic projects:

General

How to power an Arduino: More information here.

How to power a project:
More information here.

What Adpater:
More information here.

Portable / Battery powered

For portable projects some info on battery usage.

  1. How to power your Arduino with battery
  2. How to choose your battery
  3. Indepth Arduino powering guide
  4. Why 9V batteries are bad

Power Banks

Not all power banks are good for microcontrollers as they mostly have a safety feature which is auto-off when consumption is low. Microcontrollers often have a low-current consumption and the power bank will auto-off every a few minutes. However, there are some power banks that can support low-current charging mode/ always-on mode. These will be suitable for powering a microcontroller, e.g. Sandberg Powerbank 20000 PD65W 2xQC3.0. (We only tested this one, but other brands and models can do the same.)

Motors

There are many different types of motors available. Before deciding how to power your motor, you must know what voltage the motor is going to use and how much current your motor will need.

  1. Guide for powering motors with Raspberry Pi: here.
  2. Guide for Adafruit Motor Shield with Arduino: here.
Tutorials

Using an MPR121 capacitive touch sensor

What is the MPR121?

The MPR121 is a tiny microchip formerly manufactured by NXP, now under Resurgent Semiconductor, it is a tiny surface mount device that provides 12 capacitive touch electrodes through an I2C interface.

What is capacitive touch?

Capacitive touch the the technology used on modern touch sensitive devices such as phone and tablet screens, trackpads and computer mice like Apple's Magic Mouse.

Capacitive touch takes advantage of the human body being electrically conductive, this is why using a pen on a smart phone doesn't work and styluses for these devices are made of metal so they will make an electrical connection.

Capacitive touch is relatively complex to understand but fundamentally the sensor can detect when you are in proximity or actually touching the electrode, or any conductive part between the chip and the end of the wire.

If you extend a wire from the electrode, even if it is shielded with plastic, it will probably detect you touching the wire just the same as the exposed metal part.

Different versions of MPR121

The first common use of the MPR121 in physical computing was the now discontinued Sparkfun MPR121 breakout, this is the most commonly available version in the here at LCC.

MPR121 breakouts from Adafruit and Seedstudio also exist, and we've begin replacing our Sparkfun boards with Adafruit as the Sparkfun boards break and need replacing.

Additionally the MPR121 is used in the Bare Conductive Touch Board which is effectively an Arduino Leonardo with an MPR121 and MP3/WAV/OGG/MIDI player (similar to the Sparkfun MP3 Trigger) integrated one board.

Key differences

Sparkfun MPR121

Adafruit MPR121

Wiring

Wiring is pretty simple, it's an I2C component so it's relatively standard.

Warning
The Sparkfun MPR121 is a 3.3V device, do not connect the power pins to 5V, you will instantly destroy the board.

Older Arduino boards
Some older Arduino boards do not have SDA and SCL pins as shown in the diagrams, in this case you'll need to look it up on the boards documentation, however most Arduino boards used A4 as SDA and A4 as SCL.

Sparkfun MPR121

sparkfun MPR121.png

Adafruit MPR121

Adafruit MPR121.png

Library

Adafruit, Sparkfun, Seeedstudio and Bare Conductive all provide Arduino libraries, however by far the best which includes tools for visualising the data is the Bare Conductive Touch Board library and grapher. All libraries should all work interchangeably as long as you get the correct address and IRQ pin.

The key thing to remember when using examples from the Bare Conductive library is that they use the address 0x5C rather than the default 0x5A address used on both the Sparkfun and Adafruit boards, also ensure that you use the correct IRQ pin based on the example you are using.

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Getting started

After installing the library and wiring the board, go ahead and use the examples in the File > Examples menu in Arduino, the Simple Touch example is particularly good as it's simple to check it's working.

Basic Example

This is a basic example of using the MPR121 with the Bare Conductive MPR121 library to get the proximity value and touch status, this can easily be extrapolated into a project.

Sketch: Basic Example

CSV Example

This is an example using the MPR121 with the Bare Conductive MPR121 library to output each electrode's touch status to the serial port as a comma separated string.

This example can be modified to work with MaxMSP easily by changing the delimiter line to a space instead of a comma:

#define DELIMITER " "

You could also modify this example to output the proximity data, instead of the touch data by modifying the updateTouchData line to:

MPR121.updateFilteredData();

And the getTouchData line to:

Serial.print( MPR121.getFilteredData( i ) );

Sketch: CSV Example

Tutorials

Using a Sparkfun MP3 Trigger

What is the MP3 Trigger?

The MP3 trigger is a board made by Sparkfun electronics that provides a way to play MP3 files from a Micro SD card via either one of 18 TRIG inputs on the board, or serial communication with the board.

The MP3 Trigger has a headphone output which can be connected to powered speakers of your headphones for testing.

Loading files

You must us a micro SDSC (up to 2GB) card, or a SDHC (up to 32GB) card formatted in FAT16 or FAT32. After inserting the card you must power cycle the MP3 Trigger so it detects the card, this can be done by switching the USB <-> EXT switch back and forth.

File naming

Files should be named 001.MP3 through 018.MP3, and the MP3 Trigger will match the file name to the TRIG pins, if you controlling the MP3 Trigger via serial the number will match 0 to 255.

Wiring

Wiring is simple:

There are three wires:

  1. Ground (GND connects to GND)
  2. Power (USBVCC connects to 5V)
  3. Data (RX on the MP3 Trigger to TX on the Arduino)
  4. Optionally you can connect the TX on the MP3 Trigger back to the RX on the Arduino if you wish to get playback status information.

mp3trigger wiring_bb.png

Getting started

There are libraries available for the Sparkfun MP3 Trigger however it's so easy to use it's easier to use Serial.print to control it rather than a library.

Basic Example

This basic example will play 001.MP3 - 005.MP3 from the SD card with a 1 second delay between playing each.

This is a great demo of how to play files from the SD card via Serial.

Warning
If you are using Mac OS X to copy the mp3, the file system will automatically add hidden files like: "._0001.mp3" for index, which this module will handle as valid mp3 files. It is really annoying. So you can run following command in terminal to eliminate those files.

`njkn`

You will need to replace "Serial" with "Serial1" in the code if you are using Arduino Leonardo!

void setup() {
  // Start the serial port at 38.4K
  Serial.begin( 38400 ); 

  // Set volume
  Serial.print( "v" );
  Serial.write( 0 ); // 0 = maximum volume, 255 = minimum volume
}

void loop() {
  // Loop from 1 to 5
  for ( int i = 1; i <= 5; i++ ) {
    // Play file i ( 1 to 5 )
    Serial.print( "t" );
    Serial.write( i );

    // Wait a bit
    delay( 1000 );
  }
}

Sample MP3 files

To help you get up and running quickly there are 5 example MP3's you can use with the basic example of Tom saying 1-5.

Example MP3 Files

Resources

Tutorials

Controlling an actuator with TinkerKit Mosfet

What is the TinkerKit Mosfet?

The TinkerKit Mosfet is a simple module for controlling devices like motors, solenoids, LED strips and electromagnets which require higher voltages and currents than the Arduino can handle alone.

Typically you might find an example of a mosfet circuit online when trying to solve this problem, however high current circuits can melt breadboards, and accidentally wiring up the 12 or 24 volt power supply to your Arduino is a easily made mistake that will damage the Arduino and potentially your computer.

For this reason we use a small, cheap module which takes away all these headaches, on the Arduino side you have three header pins and on the actuator side you've got your power in, and switched power out.

In effect TinkerKit Mosfet is an electronic switch that can turn your actuator on and off using an Arduino.

Wiring

There are three wires to connect on the Arduino side:

  1. Ground (- connects to GND)
  2. Power (+ connects to 5V)
  3. Signal (The middle pin connects to your Arduino pin e.g. pin 6)

On the other side there are four screw terminals, labeled:

**Warning**
The TinkerKit Mosfet can only drive up to 24V DC.

TinkerKit Mosfet.png

Getting started

After wiring up the board it can be controlled via digitalWrite just like an LED. There are some quick examples below:

Basic Example

This basic example is effectively the blink sketch, the TinkerKit Mosfet operates just like any other digital device.

#define actuatorPin 6

void setup() {
  pinMode( actuatorPin, OUTPUT );
}

void loop() {
  digitalWrite( actuatorPin, HIGH );
  delay( 1000 );
  
  digitalWrite( actuatorPin, LOW );
  delay( 1000 );
}

Advanced Example

You can also control the speed of some actuators, normally this is only useful for motors, this is accomplished using analogWrite (PWM) this is effectively the same as setting the brightness of an LED.

**Danger**
Below a certain voltage/PWM value most actuators such as motors will stall (won't turn), this will cause the motor to become extremely hot potentially causing a fire damaging the motor, or burning you.

Always make sure your code prevents the speed of the motor going below the stall speed, you can find the stall speed by testing different values until the motor is only just turning, this should be your minimum.

#define actuatorPin 6

void setup() {
  pinMode( actuatorPin, OUTPUT );
}

void loop() {
  // This example uses 128 as an example of the minimum motor speed to protect the motor
  for ( int i = 128; i < 255; i++ ) {
    analogWrite( actuatorPin, i );
    delay( 10 );
  }
}
Tutorials

Controlling an actuator with a N-channel Mosfet

What is Mosfet?

A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) is a type of transistor used to switch or amplify electrical signals in electronic devices. It’s one of the most common components in electronic circuits, especially in digital and analog systems.

Structure

A MOSFET has three main terminals — Gate, Drain, and Source. The Gate is separated from the channel by a thin insulating layer of silicon dioxide (SiO₂).

Operation

A small voltage applied to the Gate controls the current flow between the Drain and Source terminals. By adjusting this voltage, the MOSFET can act as a switch (turning the current on or off) or as an amplifier (controlling the level of current flow).

Types

There are two main types of MOSFETs, we will be using a N-channel Mosfet in this tutorial.e

  1. N-channel MOSFETs: These conduct when a positive voltage is applied to the Gate relative to the Source.
  2. P-channel MOSFETs: These conduct when a negative voltage is applied to the Gate relative to the Source.

Wiring

  1. Source (S) to GND
  2. Drain (D) to actuator(-) & to diode(-)
  3. Gate (G) to GND via 1k resistor & to Pin 13
  4. Power Supply(+) to actuator(+) & diode(+)
  5. Power Supply(-) to GND

mosfet.png

Basic Example

This basic example is effectively the blink sketch, the TinkerKit Mosfet operates just like any other digital device.

#define actuatorPin 13
    
void setup() {
      pinMode( actuatorPin, OUTPUT );
    }
    
void loop() {
      digitalWrite( actuatorPin, HIGH );
      delay( 1000 );
      
      digitalWrite( actuatorPin, LOW );
      delay( 1000 );
    }
Tutorials

Making sounds with a piezo

)# What is a piezo? 'Piezo' normally refers to an electrical component which can be used to make sound, however more broadly a piezo is a component that is susceptible to the two-way piezoelectric effect where pressing or squeezing the piezo element can create a small voltage, and vice versa a small voltage can create a small expanding/contracting movement.

Practically this means you can use a piezo to make sounds like a simple speaker, or act as a contact microphone.

In this tutorial we'll look at wiring it up to Arduino with the Tone feature to create a melody.

Wiring

Wiring is simple, there are just two wires, applying power causes the piezo to expand, just as applying power to an LED causes it to illuminate.

  1. Ground
  2. Power

piezo.png

Getting started

To get started quickly you can use one of the examples from the Arduino examples menu:

Screenshot 2022-06-17 at 14.47.35.png

Read more about tone()

Tutorials

Using a Sparkfun Sound Detector

What is the Sound Detector?

The Sound Detector is a board made by Sparkfun electronics that provides a way to detect ambient sound levels. sound detector.png

There are three connections on the board:

Wiring

There are two options for wiring, you can use both at the same time:

Digital

Wired up in digital mode the sound detector signals if the sound level is low with a LOW signal, and high with a HIGH signal.

This method requires:

  1. Power (VCC to 5V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Gate to a digital pin on the Arduino (yellow wire in the diagram)

There are three wires: soundDetectorDigitalDiagram-01.png

Analog

Wired up in analog mode the sound detector provides voltage proportional to the sound level.

This method requires:

  1. Power (VCC to 5V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Envelope to a analog pin on the Arduino (turquoise wire in the diagram)

There are three wires:

soundDetectorAnalogDiagram.png

Getting started

Once wired, the code is that of a standard digitalRead or analogRead to obtain the value.

Example code reading envelope

#define envelopePin A0

void setup() {
  Serial.begin( 9600 );
  pinMode( envelopePin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  Serial.println( analogRead( envelopePin ) );
}

Example code reading gate

#define gatePin 2

void setup() {
  Serial.begin( 9600 );
  pinMode( gatePin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  Serial.println( digitalRead( gatePin ) );
}

Resources

Tutorials

How to send data to p5.js from Arduino

What is the Serial Communication?

Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. Simply put, serial communication is the communication between two or more computers with binary data.

In this tutorial, we will use serial communication protocol to send data to p5.js from Arduino using the P5.js WebSerial Library. The p5.js sketch will be controlled by the physical component, the potentiometer, which can be replaced with other sensors, button and etc. Know more about the Web Serial API.

Wiring

Wiring up buttons and switches is simple:

  1. Left pin to 5V
  2. Right pin to GND
  3. middle pin to A0

pot wiring_bb.png

Arduino Code

This example sends the potentiometer value measured from Arduino to p5.js via the serial port, you can read the data from the serial monitor.

#define potPin A0
int value;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600); //intailise Serial communication with 9600 baud rate
  pinMode( potPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  value = analogRead( potPin);
  Serial.println(value); //read the sensor and send the value to the Serial
  delay(100); //little delay to prevent Arduino going crazy
}

p5.js Code

This example will show the incoming data from Arduino on the canvas.

A p5.js sketch is actually a website that consists of a html file, a css file and a java script which makes everything fun. To access different files in your sketch, you can click the arrow and the panel on the left will show the files associated with the sketch.

panel.png

First we have to install the P5.js WebSerial Library. You have to place the below script in the index.html file, inside the <head>.

<script src="https://unpkg.com/p5-webserial@0.1.1/build/p5.webserial.js"></script>

It should look like this. indexhtml.png

The below is the example code that should be placed in the sketch.js file. Please read the comments in the code to understand what they do.

// variable to hold an instance of the p5.webserial library:
const serial = new p5.WebSerial();
 
// HTML button object:
let portButton;
let inData;                   // for incoming serial data
let outByte = 0;              // for outgoing data
let vals = [];

function setup() {
  createCanvas(400, 300);          // make the canvas
  // check to see if serial is available:
  if (!navigator.serial) {
    alert("WebSerial is not supported in this browser. Try Chrome or MS Edge.");
  }
  // if serial is available, add connect/disconnect listeners:
  navigator.serial.addEventListener("connect", portConnect);
  navigator.serial.addEventListener("disconnect", portDisconnect);
  
  serial.getPorts(); // check for any ports that are available:
  serial.on("noport", makePortButton); // if there's no port chosen, choose one:
  serial.on("portavailable", openPort); // open whatever port is available:
  serial.on("requesterror", portError); // handle serial errors:
  serial.on("data", serialEvent);  // handle any incoming serial data:
  serial.on("close", makePortButton);
}
 
function draw() {
  background(0);
   fill(255);
   text("sensor value: " + inData, 30, 50);
}

// if there's no port selected, 
// make a port select button appear:
function makePortButton() {
  // create and position a port chooser button:
  portButton = createButton("choose port");
  portButton.position(10, 10);
  // give the port button a mousepressed handler:
  portButton.mousePressed(choosePort);
}
 
// make the port selector window appear:
function choosePort() {
  if (portButton) portButton.show();
  serial.requestPort();
}
 
// open the selected port, and make the port 
// button invisible:
function openPort() {
  // wait for the serial.open promise to return,
  // then call the initiateSerial function
  serial.open().then(initiateSerial);
 
  // once the port opens, let the user know:
  function initiateSerial() {
    console.log("port open");
  }
  // hide the port button once a port is chosen:
  if (portButton) portButton.hide();
}
 
// pop up an alert if there's a port error:
function portError(err) {
  alert("Serial port error: " + err);
}

// read any incoming data as a string
// (assumes a newline at the end of it):
function serialEvent() {
  inData = serial.readLine();
  if(inData != null){
  inData = trim(inData);
    vals = int(splitTokens(inData, ","));
    
    if(vals.length >= 1){
       value1 = vals[0];
      console.log(value1);
    }
}
}
 
// try to connect if a new serial port 
// gets added (i.e. plugged in via USB):
function portConnect() {
  console.log("port connected");
  serial.getPorts();
}
 
// if a port is disconnected:
function portDisconnect() {
  serial.close();
  console.log("port disconnected");
}
 
function closePort() {
  serial.close();
}

What You Should See

  1. choose port choosePort.png
  2. choose Arduino choosePort2.png
  3. DONE! gettingResult.png
Tutorials

How to connect a push button or switch

What is are push buttons/switches?

Buttons and switches are a way of opening and closing a circuit, i.e. making and breaking a connection as one of the most rudimentary forms of sensor you can use with an Arduino.

There are dozens of different types of switches and buttons, but at their most basic is the momentary push button which we'll be focusing on in the wiring and getting started sections below. However the same approach applies to these as it does to any other type of button or switch.

Different types

There are many different types for different purposes:

Push buttons

Push buttons like those found in a computer keyboard are really useful for activating an action, like a start video button.

slide swtich

Rocker, slide and toggle switches work more like light switches holding their position, they can be a good way of indicating the mode of a device, such as playing video forward or backwards.

Micro switch

Micro switches can with motors to detect when it has reached the end of movement, such as in a 3D printer to stop the motor going too far over the end, or to detect if a draw is open or closed.

Wiring

Wiring up buttons and switches is simple, however there is a complexity you might not have thought about.

Although a push button like that in the diagram only has two connections, which are closed by pressing the button, you have to add a resistor to make the circuit work properly.

When the button is pressed the current on one side is able to flow to the other, however when the button is released the circuit is broken and the wire to the Arduino is known as floating, the voltage is indeterminate, so we need to connect it to ground to ensure the Arduino reads 0V.

buttonInside.png

It's not possible however to do this otherwise when you apply 5V by closing the circuit you would create a short circuit, instead we connect the Arduino pin through a high value 10KΩ resistor to ground, this allows the circuit to quickly reach 0V when the button is released but prevents large amounts of current flowing when the button is pressed.

buttonarduino.png

Getting started

The following is a simple circuit that will get your button controlling the LED built into the Arduino.

#define ledPin 13
#define buttonPin 4

void setup() {
  pinMode( ledPin, OUTPUT );
  pinMode( buttonPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  boolean btnState = digitalRead( buttonPin );

  if ( btnState == HIGH ) {
    digitalWrite( ledPin, HIGH );
  } else {
    digitalWrite( ledPin, LOW );
  }
}

If you want to add a toggle functionality such that one press causes the LED to come on, and another press then turns it off, so you don't have to hold the button down things get a little bit more complex.

The Arduino is a powerful computer and operates many times faster than human perception, as such when the mechanical push button is closed there is a small amount of 'bounce' where the circuit makes and breaks the connection a few times before it settles, this is detected by the Arduino as multiple presses.

This diagram shows the signal bouncing up and down over a period of 10µS (0.00001 seconds)

In effect this means that each time you press the button to toggle just once it toggles multiple times, you can fix this either with a small capacitor, or modifications to your Arduino sketch.

The code here adds two major changes, first it tracks the current and previous button state through each loop meaning it can see if the button has changed from LOW to HIGH, and then adds a delay of 75ms to allow the button to settle but keep it fast enough that the user doesn't perceive this delay.

#define ledPin 13
#define buttonPin 4

boolean ledState = LOW;
boolean prevBtnState = LOW;

void setup() {
  pinMode( ledPin, OUTPUT );
  pinMode( buttonPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  boolean btnState = digitalRead( buttonPin );

  if ( btnState == HIGH && prevBtnState == LOW ) {
    ledState = ! ledState;
    delay( 75 );
  }

  digitalWrite( ledPin, ledState );

  prevBtnState = btnState;
}
Tutorials

How to use a relay module

What is relay?

A relay is a switch that opens or closes electrical circuits when activated by a signal between low-powered digital electronics and high-powered devices. It is handy when the thing you want to control requires higher power (voltage/current) than the microcontroller can give. Arduino can only give max. 5V and 40 mA. In this tutorial, I will use a water pump and a 1-channel 5V relay module as an example, but it can be applied to a lot of other things as well, such as lights and actuators. The relay module may vary from model to model, and they have their own maximum voltage and current ratings and power requirements, so please refer to the datasheet of the one you have.

Relay module has different models providing 1/2/4/6/8 channel(s). An 8-channel relay module means it can control 8 devices. In this tutorial, I will be only using a 1 channel relay to control one water pump.

Labels on a Relay Module

You just need to use one of these.

Open and Closed here means where the circuit is open or closed. An open circuit is off and a closed circuit is on. When a circuit is normally open, it means the device is by default off and will only turn on when it receives a HIGH/1/TRUE signal from the microcontroller. Vice versa, when a circuit is normally closed, it means the device is by default on and will only turn off when it receives a HIGH/1/TRUE signal from the microcontroller

Wiring

relayWaterpumpCircuit.png

Getting started

The following is a simple code that will make the water pump turn on for 1 second and off for 1 second.

const int RELAY_PIN = 3;  // the Arduino pin, which connects to the IN pin of relay

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
  // initialize digital pin as an output.
  pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); //turn on
  delay(1000);
  digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); //turn off
  delay(1000);
}
Tutorials

Using a HC-SR04 distance sensor

What is the HC-SR04?

The HC-SR04 is a ultrasonic distance sensor, it uses ultrasound to send out a ping and measure how long the sound takes to come back, exactly like bats use to fly in the dark.

The sensor works between 2-400cm however if the ping sound is reflected away from the sensor by an a divergent (not parallel) surface, or absorbed by a soft surface like fabric there may no measurement.

There are other types of distance sensors that are more accurate for projects where needed, this is a cheap < £5 sensor, while more accurate ones are over £100.

Wiring

Wiring up the sensor is simple:

  1. Power (VCC to 5V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Echo to digital pin 12
  4. Trigger to digital pin 13

HCSR04.png

Getting started

This example turns on an LED when the distance measured is less than 30cm and back off when the distance goes over 30cm.

#include <HCSR04.h>

// Initialize sensor that uses digital pins 13 and 12.
UltraSonicDistanceSensor distanceSensor(13, 12);  

void setup () {
    Serial.begin(9600);  //initialize serial connection so that we could print values from sensor.
    pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}

void loop () {

    float distance = distanceSensor.measureDistanceCm();
    Serial.println(distance);

    if (distance < 30 ){
       digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
       delay(100);
      }else{
         digitalWrite(13, LOW);
         delay(100);
        }
}

To use this code you will need the HCSR04 Library by Martin Sosic.

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Tutorials

How to make Animation on NeoMatrix with Processing

Controlling NeoMatrix with Processing

This tutorial is a follow-up to the last NeoMatrix animation tutorial. We are using Processing to create images, videos or realtime interaction and push those to an 8x8 Adafruit NeoMatrix.

th-1530653594.png

Wiring

Warning
If you have a bigger matrix, you will need an extra power supply. The extra power supply will share the ground with Arduino and the matrix.

  1. DIN to Pin3
  2. +5V to 5V
  3. GND to GND

neoMatrixcircuit.png

Library

Warning
Download version 1.9.0 or below of Adafruit Neopixel library for a more stable performance.

We will need three libraries for this tutorial.

  1. Adafruit NeoPixel
  2. Adafruit GFX
  3. Adafruit NeoMatrix

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Understand your Matrix

When programming the matrix, it is important to know the configuration of your matrix so that the x and y coordinates sent from Processing can be matched. The most important two are the starting point and the arrangement.

The Starting Point

the starting point: Usually it will be the Top Left. If you are building your own Matrix from scratch, it will be easier to program later if you choose the top left corner as your first pixel as 0,0 in Processing is the top left corner by default.

pixelarray2d-2415721562.jpeg

The Arrangement

There are two types, Progressive and Zigzag.
Progressive: Adafruit's pre-built matrix is using this arrangement. It will make coding easier as the pixel index in Processing will be exactly the same as the pixel number on the Matrix. You don't have to alternate numbers for even-numbered rows. NeoMatrix arrangement_progressive.png
Zigzag: It will be a more popular choice of arrangement for building a matrix from scratch as it involves shorter connections and it is easier for soldering. NeoMatrix arrangement_zigzag.png

If you have a second-hand matrix and are not sure about its configuration, you can run the strandtest code to see how the lights light up one by one.

Processing Code

We have a tutorial about serial communication between Processing and Arduino so I will skip it here. In this example code, you can draw with your mouse on the screen and the matrix will light up accordingly.

Before setup(), you will need to change the values of cols, rows, pixelSize and size(cols*pixelSize , rows*pixelSize); to fit your own project. Please read the comments in the code to see what they represent.

You can put the content that you wish to push to the matrix between loadPixels(); and updatePixels();.
loadPixels(); loads the pixel data of the current display window into the pixels[] array. The pixels[] array contains the colour values for all the pixels in the display window.
updatePixels(); is only necessary if the display has changed, e.g. video, interactive/generative graphic.

Learn more about images and pixels in Processing here.

import processing.serial.*;

Serial arduino;
int cols = 8; // Number of NeoPixel matrix columns
int rows = 8; // Number of NeoPixel matrix rows
int totalLEDs = cols * rows;
int pixelSize = 50; // Adjust this based on your webcam's resolution
int i = 0;
int blue = 0;

void setup() {
  size(400, 400); // size(cols*pixelSize , rows*pixelSize);
  background(0);
  
  // Set up serial communication with Arduino
  printArray(Serial.list());
  arduino = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[1], 115200); // Change baud rate if needed

}

void draw() {

//clear
  if (keyPressed == true) {
    background(0);
  }
  
  loadPixels(); //load pixel for neomatrix


    int x = i % cols;
    int y = i / cols;
    int loc = x + y * width/pixelSize;
    int cloc = (x*pixelSize + pixelSize/2) + y*pixelSize * width;
    color c = pixels[cloc];
    
    int r = (c >> 16) & 0xFF;
    int g = (c >> 8) & 0xFF;
    int b = c & 0xFF;
    //println(i);
    
    arduino.write(loc); //for progressive arrangement
    //arduino.write(x); //for zigzag arrangement
    //arduino.write(y); //for zigzag arrangement
    arduino.write(r);
    arduino.write(g);
    arduino.write(b);
    
    delay(10); // Small delay for stability
     i++;
      if (i >= totalLEDs){
    i = 0;
    }

  updatePixels();
}

void mouseDragged() {
  noStroke();
  fill(0,125,blue, 50);
  ellipse(mouseX,mouseY,pixelSize, pixelSize);
  blue ++;
  if (blue >= 255){
  blue = 0;
  }
}

Arduino Code

The following code is for an 8x8 Adafruit NeoMatrix with the below configurations.

  1. the starting point: Top Left
  2. the arrangement: Progressive 
#include <Adafruit_NeoPixel.h>

int w = 8; //width of matrix
int h = 8; //height of matrix
#define PIN            3 // Pin connected to the NeoPixels
#define NUMPIXELS       w*h // Number of NeoPixels (16x16 matrix)

Adafruit_NeoPixel strip = Adafruit_NeoPixel(NUMPIXELS, PIN, NEO_GRB + NEO_KHZ800);

void setup() {
  strip.begin();
  strip.show(); // Initialize all pixels to 'off'
 strip.setBrightness(5); //I set a super low brightness as it's easier for my eyes during prototyping.
  Serial.begin(115200); // Set the baud rate to match Processing
}

void loop() {

//------------------------for progressive arrangement ----------------------------------
  if (Serial.available() >= 4) { // Ensure complete location & RGB data received

    int loc = Serial.read();
    int r = Serial.read();
    int g = Serial.read();
    int b = Serial.read();
//------------------------for progressive arrangement ----------------------------------

/*
//------------------------for zigzag arrangement ----------------------------------
 if (Serial.available() >= 5) { // Ensure complete x,y coordinates & RGB data received

    int x = Serial.read();
    int y = Serial.read();
    int r = Serial.read();
    int g = Serial.read();
    int b = Serial.read();

    // Calculate pixel index based on zigzag layout (adjust the logic as needed)
    int loc;
    if (y % 2 == 0) {
      loc = y * w + x; // If even row, use regular indexing
    } else {
      loc = (y * w) + (w-1 - x); // If odd row, reverse indexing
    }
  
//------------------------for zigzag arrangement ----------------------------------
*/  
    strip.setPixelColor(loc, strip.Color(r, g, b)); // Control NeoPixels using received RGB values
    strip.show(); // Display the updated NeoPixel colors
  }
  
}

Disadvantage for this Setup

We are only using the bare minimum of components and Serial communication for sending data, so the matrix will not update everything all at once instantly. It will update and light up the pixels one by one which I find to be quite artistic for my taste.

Have fun!

Tutorials

Using a Monochrome 1.3" 128x64 OLED display

What is the OLED monochrome display?

The OLED monochrome display is a small (tiny) and high-readability display. It is useful for displaying data, e.g. weather information or small graphics like what you see on Tamagotchi. For more information, please visit here.

In this tutorial, we will be using Adafruit SSD1306 128 x 64 OLED with I2C communication. It can support SPI communication as well.

Display Configuration
If you have the older non-STEMMA version of the OLED, you'll need to solder the two jumpers on the back of the OLED. Both must be soldered 'closed' for I2C to work!

Wiring

Wiring up the sensor is simple:

  1. Power (VIN to 5V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Data to Arduino SDA pin (A5 on Uno)
  4. CLK to Arduino SCL pin (A4 on Uno)

Library

To use this code you will need the Adafruit_SSD1306 Library. We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Getting started

This code will display two bitmap images at intervals of 1 second.

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for an SSD1306 display connected to I2C (SDA, SCL pins)
// The pins for I2C are defined by the Wire-library. 
// On an arduino UNO:       A4(SDA), A5(SCL)
// On an arduino MEGA 2560: 20(SDA), 21(SCL)
// On an arduino LEONARDO:   2(SDA),  3(SCL), ...
#define OLED_RESET     4 // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing Arduino reset pin)
#define SCREEN_ADDRESS 0x3D ///< See datasheet for Address; 0x3D for 128x64, 0x3C for 128x32
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);

int numImage = 2;
int frameRate = 85; // 85 = 12fps, 67 = 15fps, 42 = 24fps
int counter = 0;

const unsigned char my_bitmap [][8192] PROGMEM = {

  {
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},

 {
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  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xff, 0xff, 0x87, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
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  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0xe0, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
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  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x04, 0x30, 0x40, 0x04, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x44, 0x00, 0x04, 0x70, 0x80, 0x04, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x82, 0x00, 0x03, 0x91, 0x80, 0x08, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x08, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
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  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
}

};



void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);

  // SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC = generate display voltage from 3.3V internally
  if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, SCREEN_ADDRESS)) {
    Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
    for(;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever
  }
}

void loop() {
    testdrawbitmap();    // Draw a small bitmap image
}

void testdrawbitmap(void) {


  display.clearDisplay();
  display.drawBitmap(
    0, //x coordinate
    0, //y corrdinate
    my_bitmap[counter++], //bitmap file
    128, //bitmap width
    64,  //bitmap height
    1   //each '1' bit sets the corresponding pixel to 'color'
    );
  display.display();
  delay(frameRate); 

  if (counter >=numImage){
    counter = 0;
  }
  
}

Create your own bitmap

Create your pixel art

Piskel is a free online tool for you to create pixel art. You can specify the canvas size, import images, draw your own graphics etc, and then export it as a PNG.

piskel

Convert your image into bitmap code

image2cpp was created by GitHub user javl and provides a handy way to create bitmaps without installing any additional software. Know more here.

Upload your image, select your preferred image settings, and generate code!

image2cpp

You will see the code generated at the bottom and you can paste it in Arduino directly. Screenshot 2024-04-24 at 11.53.32.png

Create Animation

Change the parameters at the start of the code, including the number of frames, frame sizes etc. Arduino doesn't come with a huge memory, so when you are preparing the animation, you may need to think about how many frames you want and how many frames can Arduino handle, and crop the empty space to minimize the bytes used.

The below example demonstrates two animations.

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

#define OLED_RESET     4 // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing Arduino reset pin)
#define SCREEN_ADDRESS 0x3D ///< See datasheet for Address; 0x3D for 128x64, 0x3C for 128x32
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);

// for 1st animation
int numFrame = 13;
int frameRate = 85; // 85 = 12fps, 67 = 15fps, 42 = 24fps
int counter = 0;
int bitmapWidth = 35;
int bitmapHeight = 64;

// for 2nd animation
int numFrame2 = 9;
int counter2 = 0;
int bitmapWidth2 = 78;
int bitmapHeight2 = 64;

//////////////////////////////////animation1/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// 'frame_00_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_00_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_02_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_02_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_01_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_01_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_03_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_03_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_06_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_06_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x0f, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_05_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_05_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x0e, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_10_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_10_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x07, 0x98, 0x0c, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x07, 0xf8, 0x07, 0x98, 0x00, 0x06, 0xf0, 0x07, 
  0x98, 0x00, 0x06, 0x60, 0x03, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x00, 0x06, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x07, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xbe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xe0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_08_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_08_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x0c, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x1f, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x73, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_09_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_09_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x02, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x1e, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_04_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_04_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xe0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_07_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_07_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x0f, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_12_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_12_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0e, 0x70, 0x70, 0x00, 0x07, 0x1c, 
  0x38, 0x70, 0x00, 0x07, 0x98, 0x1c, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x07, 0xf8, 0x0f, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x06, 0xf0, 0x07, 
  0x98, 0x00, 0x06, 0x70, 0x03, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x03, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x07, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xc0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};
// 'frame_11_delay-0', 35x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_frame_11_delay_0 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x07, 0x1c, 
  0x38, 0x78, 0x00, 0x07, 0x18, 0x1c, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x07, 0xf8, 0x0f, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x07, 0xf0, 0x07, 
  0x98, 0x00, 0x06, 0x60, 0x03, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 
  0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 
  0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc0, 0x07, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x1e, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7b, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
};

// Array of all bitmaps for convenience. (Total bytes used to store images in PROGMEM = 4368)
const int epd_bitmap_allArray_LEN = 13;
const unsigned char* epd_bitmap_allArray[13] = {
  epd_bitmap_frame_00_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_01_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_02_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_03_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_04_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_05_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_06_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_07_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_08_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_09_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_10_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_11_delay_0,
  epd_bitmap_frame_12_delay_0
};


//////////////////////////////////animation1/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// '3', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_3 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xf0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x03, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x0e, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x01, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x80, 0x03, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x01, 0xef, 
  0x7f, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd1, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x10, 0x03, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 
  0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0x8f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9f, 
  0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xbf, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc0, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00
};
// '1', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_1 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x03, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x0f, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xc7, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0x1e, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 
  0xf3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0x77, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x27, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe3, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x9f, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x3e, 0x07, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x20, 0xf3, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0x0f, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x0f, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 
  0x27, 0xf2, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x37, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x27, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x27, 0xf9, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc4, 0x27, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0x0c, 0x30, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xcf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfc, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xc1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x9f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x2f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 
  0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xbe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0x9c, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0x91, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0x87, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0x9f, 0xbf, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf3, 0xdc, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x77, 0xd9, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xd3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc
};
// '4', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_4 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xc0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x0b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x63, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 
  0x00, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0x87, 0xf7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x77, 
  0xbf, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x39, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x18, 0x03, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 
  0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xb8, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xb0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc0, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00
};
// '5', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_5 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xe1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x19, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x1b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdf, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdf, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xbf, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 
  0x00, 0x3f, 0xbf, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdf, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3b, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x3d, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1d, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xbf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x08, 0x03, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 
  0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xb0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xb0, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xb0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc0, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00
};
// '6', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_6 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x83, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x0f, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xc7, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0x1f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfe, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfe, 
  0xfb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfe, 0x77, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0x2f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe3, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0x01, 0x98, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x63, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x9c, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf4, 
  0x00, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x77, 
  0xbf, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc4, 0x01, 0x08, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0x0c, 0x01, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xfc, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 0x01, 0x9f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x7f, 0xfc, 0x01, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x67, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x33, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xbb, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xbb, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xb9, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x99, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xdd, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x01, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xdd, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xdd, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xd9, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xd9, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xdb, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xd3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc
};
// '8', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_8 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xf9, 0xc7, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xf0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x83, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf7, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xf0, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xf6, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe4, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xe3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x10, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xc0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x1f, 0xe7, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x1c, 0x13, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd0, 0x13, 0x3d, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x90, 0x17, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x90, 0x17, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xb0, 0x17, 0xf9, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x30, 
  0x1b, 0xfc, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x70, 0x13, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x70, 0x17, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xf0, 0x17, 0xfe, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xf0, 0x1b, 0x81, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0xf0, 0x1c, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xf0, 
  0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xfe, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xf0, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0x9f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xf0, 
  0x1f, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xb8, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x93, 
  0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x97, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x97, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xc7, 0x3f, 0xf0, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xde, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xde, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xd9, 
  0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xf0
};
// '9', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_9 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xe0, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x03, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xef, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xce, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xcc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xc9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xcb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x87, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x3c, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0c, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf4, 0x3f, 0x9f, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf4, 0x3e, 0x07, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x20, 0xf3, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xe4, 0x0f, 0xfb, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xec, 0x1f, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0x0f, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xdc, 
  0x27, 0xfa, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x37, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x27, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x27, 0xf9, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x27, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfc, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x9f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x2f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9c, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x99, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x93, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xc7, 0x9f, 0xfc, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0xbf, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xde, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc1, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc
};
// '2', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_2 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xe0, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xc0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x83, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xce, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xcc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xc9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xcb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x1c, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc4, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xe7, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x1c, 0x13, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf4, 0x13, 0x3d, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xe4, 0x17, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x17, 0xfd, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0x17, 0xf9, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xdc, 
  0x1b, 0xfc, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x13, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x17, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x17, 0xfe, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x1b, 0x81, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0xfc, 0x1c, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 
  0x1f, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xfe, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xfc, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0x9f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x7f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x1f, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xa0, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x87, 
  0x9f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xdc, 0x3f, 0xfc, 
  0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xd8, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xd3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc
};
// '7', 78x64px
const unsigned char epd_bitmap_7 [] PROGMEM = {
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 
  0xe0, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xef, 0xc0, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x03, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xef, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xcf, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x07, 0xff, 0xce, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xcc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xc9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 
  0xcb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0x3f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xdf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x1c, 
  0x07, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc4, 0x07, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x07, 0x71, 0xbf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf0, 0x04, 0x04, 
  0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf4, 0x01, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xe4, 0x01, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe4, 0x01, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xc7, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0x04, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x83, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xdc, 
  0x04, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x05, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xef, 0x87, 0xf0, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x05, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x05, 0xef, 
  0x7f, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x04, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfc, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xcf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xef, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 
  0x07, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xfc, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xfb, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 
  0x07, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xd0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xfc, 0x07, 0x9f, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0x27, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0x2f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xd7, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 
  0x07, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x31, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 
  0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0x80, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0x8e, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x9e, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0x8e, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0x7f, 0xfc, 
  0x07, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0xf3, 0xcf, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 
  0xf7, 0xde, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x77, 0xde, 0x7f, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 
  0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x77, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x67, 0xd9, 
  0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xf9, 0xff, 
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xfc
};

// Array of all bitmaps for convenience. (Total bytes used to store images in PROGMEM = 5904)
const unsigned char* epd_bitmap_allArray2[9] = {
  epd_bitmap_1,
  epd_bitmap_2,
  epd_bitmap_3,
  epd_bitmap_4,
  epd_bitmap_5,
  epd_bitmap_6,
  epd_bitmap_7,
  epd_bitmap_8,
  epd_bitmap_9
};



void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);

  // SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC = generate display voltage from 3.3V internally
  if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, SCREEN_ADDRESS)) {
    Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
    for(;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever
  }
}

void loop() {
    drawbitmap1();    // Draw a small bitmap image    
    drawbitmap2(); 

}

void drawbitmap1(void) {

for (int i = 0; i < numFrame; i++){
  display.clearDisplay();
  display.drawBitmap(
    (display.width()  - bitmapWidth ) / 2, //x coordinate, center
    (display.height() - bitmapHeight) / 2, //y corrdinate, center
    epd_bitmap_allArray[i], //bitmap file
    bitmapWidth, //bitmap width
    bitmapHeight,  //bitmap height
    1   //each '1' bit sets the corresponding pixel to 'color'
    );
  display.display();
  delay(frameRate); 
}
  
}

void drawbitmap2(void) {

for (int i = 0; i < numFrame2; i++){
  display.clearDisplay();
  display.drawBitmap(
    (display.width()  - bitmapWidth2 ) / 2, //x coordinate, center
    (display.height() - bitmapHeight2) / 2, //y corrdinate, center
    epd_bitmap_allArray2[i], //bitmap file
    bitmapWidth2, //bitmap width
    bitmapHeight2,  //bitmap height
    1   //each '1' bit sets the corresponding pixel to 'color'
    );
  display.display();
  delay(frameRate); 
}


  
}
Tutorials

Connecting a Potentiometer

What is a potentiometer?

A potentiometer (often abbreviated to pot) is an electronic component with three connections, the main purpose of the pot is to create a variable voltage as an input to a circuit, for example controlling how loud your speakers should be. insidePot.png

Inside a potentiometer is a large resistive area between pin #1 and #3, the middle pin #2 is called the wiper, and by actuating the pot you can select a position along that resistive area to create a proportional to the voltage between pins #1 and #3.

For example if you have Ground (0V) on pin #1, and 5V on pin #3, you could select a voltage between 0V to 5V, at the half way the voltage on pin #2 would be 2.5V.

Different types

There are two main types:

Rotary Potentiometers.png

Rotary Potentiometers like those found on speakers to control the volume.

slide.png

Slide Potentiometer like those found on audio mixing desks.

Wiring

Wiring up buttons and switches is simple, both are fundamentally the same, however it can be tricky identifying pins #1, #2, and #3 (more on this later).

At its most basic, pins #1 and #3 need to be connected to Power and Ground, for example 5V and GND on an Arduino. Pin #2 the wiper needs to be connected to the analog input pins (eg. A0-A5 for Arduino UNO).

Rotary Potentiometer Wiring

pot wiring_bb.png

Slide Potentiometer Wiring

slidepot wiring_bb.png

Identifying the pins of a potentiometer

The most common type of potentiometer to use is a 10KΩ potentiometer, that means the resistance between pin #1 and #3 is fixed at 10KΩ or thereabouts, and that the resistance between pin #2 and either of the other two will be proportional to the position of the potentiometer rotation/sliding.

In other words, using a multimeter set to resistance/ohms/Ω measurement you can find the two pins that don't change at all, and measure a resistance close to the rating marked on it. The remaining leg is likely the wiper.

Getting started

The following is a simple sketch that will get a potentiometer controlling the LED built into the Arduino.

This sketch will make the LED blink at a rate between 0ms to 1023ms, this is because the function analogRead returns a value between 0-1023.

#define ledPin 13
#define potPin A0

void setup() {
  pinMode( ledPin, OUTPUT );
  pinMode( potPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  digitalWrite( ledPin, HIGH );
  delay( analogRead( potPin ) );

  digitalWrite( ledPin, LOW );
  delay( analogRead( potPin ) );
}
Tutorials

How to connect a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

What is an LDR?

An LDR or Light Dependent Resistor is a component which restricts how much power can flow through a circuit based on how much or little light hits the sensitive part on the top.

Light Dependent Resistor.png

To use a Light Dependent Resistor, we have to use it in combination with a fixed value resistor, the combination of these two components acts a little like a kitchen mixer tap, we can vary the temperature (voltage) by adjusting the tap.

voltage-divider.png

The zig-zag lines indicate resistors, the voltage output we measure with the Arduino comes from this middle point between the two, as the value of the LDR varies it changes the voltage between Ground (0V) and 5V (VCC).

Wiring

  1. (1)leg to 5V (Power)
  2. (2)leg split to GND via 10K resistor
  3. (2)leg split to A0

ldrwiring_bb.png

Getting started

The following code uses analogRead() to get a integer between 0-1023 representing the voltage, where 0 is 0V and 1023 is 5V.

The code below uses the serial port to output the value every 50ms to the Serial Monitor.

#define ldrPin A0

void setup() {
  Serial.begin( 9600 );
  pinMode( ldrPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  Serial.println( analogRead( ldrPin ) );
  delay( 50 );
}
Tutorials

How to use a Hall Effect Sensor

What is a Hall Effect Sensor?

The hall effect sensor is a type of magnetic sensor which can be used for detecting the strength and direction of a magnetic field produced from a permanent magnet or an electromagnet with its output varying in proportion to the strength of the magnetic field being detected.

image-1706547936079.png

Wiring

  1. left to 5V (Power)
  2. middle to GND
  3. right to PIN2 via 10K resistor halleffectcircuit.png

Getting started

The following code uses digitalRead() to get a integer (1/0) representing the detection of magnet.

const int hallSensorPin = 2;  // Hall Effect sensor connected to digital pin 2
int hallSensorState;          // Variable to store the state of the sensor

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);                // Start serial communication at 9600 baud
  pinMode(hallSensorPin, INPUT);     // Set the Hall Effect sensor pin as an INPUT
}

void loop() {
  hallSensorState = digitalRead(hallSensorPin); // Read the state of the sensor
  Serial.println(hallSensorState); 

  delay(100); 
}
Tutorials

How to use a rotary encoder

What is a rotary encoder?

A rotary encoder is an electromechanical device that converts the angular position or motion of a rotating shaft into electrical signals. These signals can be processed to determine rotational direction, position, and speed, making rotary encoders a key component in many types of control systems.

Wiring

11102-02.jpg Different models of rotary encoders will have different colour codes. I am using an Incremental Rotary Encoder, YUMO E6B2-CWZ3E, the colours referred to below will only apply to this model.

There are four wires:

  1. Common (Blue) - GND
  2. Voltage (Brown) - 5V
  3. A switch (Black) - 2
  4. B switch ( White ) - 3

rotaryencodercircuit.png

Getting started

The encoder produces pulses on the A and B channels as it rotates. These pulses are 90° out of phase (quadrature), which lets you detect both the amount of rotation and the direction. By reading these pulses with interrupts (which are triggered whenever the state of A or B changes), the Arduino can keep track of how far and in which direction the encoder has moved.

Key Types of Rotary Encoders

Incremental Rotary Encoder

Here’s a simple visual explanation of how an incremental rotary encoder works:

         A Signal:   __|‾|__|‾|__|‾|__|‾|__|‾|
         B Signal:   _|‾|__|‾|__|‾|__|‾|__|‾|_
                    ← Rotate CW ←        ← Rotate CCW ←

When the shaft rotates, the A and B signals switch between high and low states. By detecting which signal changes first, you can determine the direction of rotation. Each pulse counts a step, which is related to the angular movement of the shaft.

Absolute Rotary Encoder

Basic Example

In this basic example, the encoder outputs the value as a positive or negative number from its starting position.

// Pin definitions
const int encoderPinA = 2;
const int encoderPinB = 3;

// Variables to store current and previous states of the encoder
volatile long encoderValue = 0;
volatile int lastEncoded = 0;

void setup() {
  // Setup the encoder pins as inputs
  pinMode(encoderPinA, INPUT);
  pinMode(encoderPinB, INPUT);
  
  // Enable pullup resistors on the encoder pins
  digitalWrite(encoderPinA, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(encoderPinB, HIGH);
  
  // Attach interrupt to the encoder pins
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(encoderPinA), updateEncoder, CHANGE);
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(encoderPinB), updateEncoder, CHANGE);

  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // Print the encoder value (step count)
  Serial.print("Encoder Value: ");
  Serial.println(encoderValue);
  delay(100); // Adjust for your needs
}

void updateEncoder() {
  // Read the encoder pins
  int MSB = digitalRead(encoderPinA); // MSB = most significant bit
  int LSB = digitalRead(encoderPinB); // LSB = least significant bit
  
  int encoded = (MSB << 1) | LSB; // Combine A and B into a single value
  int sum = (lastEncoded << 2) | encoded; // Combine previous and current values

  // Determine the direction of rotation
  if (sum == 0b1101 || sum == 0b0100 || sum == 0b0010 || sum == 0b1011) {
    encoderValue++; // Clockwise
  } else if (sum == 0b1110 || sum == 0b0111 || sum == 0b0001 || sum == 0b1000) {
    encoderValue--; // Counter-clockwise
  }

  lastEncoded = encoded; // Store the current state for the next loop
}
Tutorials

Using the serial monitor and serial logger

What is serial communication?

Serial communication is a type of communication between two devices, normally between a computer and a microcontroller (such as an Arduino), between computers, or between Arduinos.

Serial communication can be over physical cables between two Arduinos, or via an XBee wireless shield, USB or Bluetooth serial emulators. However at it's most basic serial communication is a sequence of binary digits (0s and 1s) that convey information.

Serial monitor

The serial monitor on the Arduino is able to display messages the Arduino board sends via USB serial (note that Arduino Leonardo and some other boards based around the 32u4 chip have a seperate USB serial and hardware serial, and you cannot directly monitor the hardware serial [Serial1] output using this method).

You can also send basic messages from the serial monitor screen back to the Arduino board.

Screenshot-2018-11-19-at-22.25.17.png

Above is a screenshot of the serial monitor, the first text field is where you can type text and press the send button to transmit to the Arduino. The main window below is where ASCII text will be displayed which the Arduino is transmitting.

In the middle at the bottom you can specify what character should be sent after each message you send, it's common to send a newline character to indicate each distinct message.

There is also an option "9600 baud" this is the communication speed. One of the fundamental parts of serial communication is establishing a common communication speed in bits (binary digits) per second, 9600 baud, is 9,600 bits per second. This drop down allows you to modify this setting, the default is 9600.

Serial plotter

The serial plotter is a way to visually graph the data being received, a common way to transmit multiple values is in a format called CSV (comma-seperated values) this is because when transmitting numbers you need to be able to distinguish between each number, if I transmitted the number 100 and the number 50 without a seperator they would look like this: 10050 and it would be impossible to decypher where one numbers starts and the next begins, instead we use a comma to seperate each value, thus the number becomes 100,50 and now we can easily see each value.

Also because we print a newline character (using println) after each loop we can see when each frame of data ends, thus allowing us to presume the numbers between the newline and the comma must be the first number.

Some Arduino boards transmit data much faster than others, in the case of the Arduino Leonardo it is perfectly possible to overload the computer with too much information and crash the Arduino application, so by adding a 1/20th second (50ms) delay we can slow the rate to a more than acceptable level.

This code example outputs the value of all 6 analog input pins on the Arduino:

void setup() {
  Serial.begin( 9600 );
}

void loop() {
  Serial.print( analogRead( A0 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A1 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A2 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A3 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A4 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A5 ) );
  Serial.println();

  delay( 50 );
}

The serial plotter has in built support detecting CSV data and displaying it as a graph over time. The biggest drawback is that it scales the graph to the current minimum and maximum, which can cause the graph to jump scale.

A simple fix to this problem is to include two fake piece of data which are the minimum and maximum of your data range, by modifying the Serial.println() to:

	Serial.println( ",0,1023" );

In this case the minimum is 0, and because analogRead's on most Arduinos are only 10-bit this means the maximum number would be 1023.

void setup() {
  Serial.begin( 9600 );
}

void loop() {
  Serial.print( analogRead( A0 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A1 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A2 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A3 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A4 ) );
  Serial.print( "," );
  Serial.print( analogRead( A5 ) );
  Serial.println( ",0,1023" );

  delay( 50 );
}
Tutorials

Using an MFRC522 RFID reader

What is an MFRC522 RFID reader

RFID means radio-frequency identification. RFID uses electromagnetic fields to transfer data over short distances. RFID is useful to identify people, to make transactions, etc…

You can use an RFID system to open a door. For example, only the person with the right information on his card is allowed to enter. An RFID system uses tags with each identification and a two-way radio transmitter-receiver as a reader.

rfid.png

Wiring

Caution
You must power this device to 3.3V! This tutorial is based on Arduino UNO, if you are using a different module, please check the specific pinout of that model.

  1. SDA - Digital 10 (SS)
  2. SCK - Digital 13 (SCK)
  3. MOSI - Digital 11 (MOSI)
  4. MISO - Digital 12 (MISO)
  5. IRQ (unconnected)
  6. GND - GND (Ground)
  7. RST - Digital 9
  8. 3.3V to 3.3V (Power)

RFIDwiring.png

Library

We will be using the MFRC522 library. Please see this tutorial to learn how to install libraries.

Getting started

We will be using the example code, DumpInfo, from the library to read an RFID Tag.

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

#define RST_PIN         9          // Configurable, see typical pin layout above
#define SS_PIN          10         // Configurable, see typical pin layout above

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);  // Create MFRC522 instance

void setup() {
	Serial.begin(9600);		// Initialize serial communications with the PC
	while (!Serial);		// Do nothing if no serial port is opened (added for Arduinos based on ATMEGA32U4)
	SPI.begin();			// Init SPI bus
	mfrc522.PCD_Init();		// Init MFRC522
	delay(4);				// Optional delay. Some board do need more time after init to be ready, see Readme
	mfrc522.PCD_DumpVersionToSerial();	// Show details of PCD - MFRC522 Card Reader details
	Serial.println(F("Scan PICC to see UID, SAK, type, and data blocks..."));
}

void loop() {
	// Reset the loop if no new card is present on the sensor/reader. This saves the entire process when idle.
	if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {
		return;
	}

	// Select one of the cards
	if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {
		return;
	}

	// Dump debug info about the card; PICC_HaltA() is automatically called
	mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid));
}

We will be using the example code, DumpInfo, from the library to read an RFID Tag.

Tutorials

Using Arduino Leonardo to send USB MIDI data

One of the secrets of Arduino Leonardo is the in-built USB MIDI support.

This is really useful for sending data from Arduino to applications like MadMapper, Max and Ableton Live.

In order to use this you'll need to follow the guide on How to install libraries to install the MIDIUSB library.

The following is a modification of the basic MIDIUSB write example, by wrapping the noteOn and noteOff code in logic you could attach this to a button or sensor.

#include "MIDIUSB.h"

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
}

void loop() {
  Serial.println("Sending note on");
  noteOn(0, 48, 64);   // Channel 0, middle C, normal velocity
  MidiUSB.flush();
  delay(500);

  Serial.println("Sending note off");
  noteOff(0, 48, 64);  // Channel 0, middle C, normal velocity
  MidiUSB.flush();
  delay(1500);

  // controlChange(0, 10, 65); // Set the value of controller 10 on channel 0 to 65
}

void noteOn(byte channel, byte pitch, byte velocity) {
  midiEventPacket_t noteOn = {0x09, 0x90 | channel, pitch, velocity};
  MidiUSB.sendMIDI(noteOn);
}

void noteOff(byte channel, byte pitch, byte velocity) {
  midiEventPacket_t noteOff = {0x08, 0x80 | channel, pitch, velocity};
  MidiUSB.sendMIDI(noteOff);
}

void controlChange(byte channel, byte control, byte value) {
  midiEventPacket_t event = {0x0B, 0xB0 | channel, control, value};
  MidiUSB.sendMIDI(event);
}
Tutorials

How to send data to Processing from Arduino

What is the Serial Communication?

Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. Simply put, serial communication is the communication between two or more computers with binary data.

In this tutorial, we will use serial communication protocol to send data to Processing from Arduino. The Processing sketch will be controlled by the physical component, the potentiometer, which can be replaced with other sensors, buttons and etc.

Wiring

Wiring up buttons and switches is simple:

  1. Left pin to 5V
  2. Right pin to GND
  3. middle pin to A0

pot wiring_bb.png

Arduino Code

This example sends the potentiometer value measured from Arduino to Processing via the serial port, you can read the data from the serial monitor.

#define potPin A0
int value;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600); //intailise Serial communication with 9600 baud rate
  pinMode( potPin, INPUT );
}

void loop() {
  value = analogRead( potPin);
  Serial.println(value); //read the sensor and send the value to the Serial
  delay(100); //little delay to prevent Arduino going crazy
}

Processing Code

This example used the data received from Arduino to control the degrees of rotation of a rectangle in Processing.

import processing.serial.*;
Serial myPort;
String val;

int datanum = 0; //number of data receiving from Arduino


int value1; 
//int value2; //multiple data from arduino if needed


void setup() {
  size(800, 800);
  
  printArray(Serial.list()); //show all ports
  String portName = Serial.list()[0];//choose the correct port
  myPort = new Serial(this, portName, 9600);
  myPort.bufferUntil('\n'); 
  
}

void draw() {
  //map() is a important function to use here,
  //it convert the raw data range from Arduino to the ideal range to use in Processing
  //map(a, b, c, d, e) has 5 Parameters
  //map(theVariableYouWantToMap, min.ValueOfRawData, max.ValueOfRawData, min.ValueOfIdealRange, max.ValueOfIdealRange)
  
  //in this case the min. value from the pot is 0 and max. value is 1023.
  //and I want to map the background colour from black to white, 0(black) - 255(white)
  float BW = map(value1,0, 1023, 0, 255 ); //create a variable to contain the converted value
  background(BW);
  

}


void serialEvent( Serial myPort){
  val = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
  if (val != null)
  {
    val = trim(val);
    int[] vals = int(splitTokens(val, ","));
    
    if(vals.length >= datanum){
       value1 = vals[0];
    
      //multiple data from arduino if needed
      //value2 = vals[1] ;
    
      print(value1);
    }
  }
}
Tutorials

Making a Capacitive Touch Sensor

What is Capacitive Touch Sensing?

Simply put, it is the touch sensing of all conductive materials including tinfoil, banana, plant, pencil drawing etc. In this tutorial, we will show you two types of Capacitive Touch Sensing: acute touch and proximity.

Library

ADCTouch will be used for acute touching. It provided the best accuracy without ANY external hardware.

CapacitiveSensor library will be used for proximity and/or acute touching. However, due to the constraint of the physical circuit, reading might be sometimes unreliable.

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

ADCTouch Library

This library makes use of the AVR internal wiring to get decent resolution with just a single pin.

Wiring

Wiring is super simple with 1 wire:

  1. jumper wire to A0, another end with a piece of tin foil

ADCTouchcircuit.png

Code

#include <ADCTouch.h>

#define TOUCHPIN A0

// set the touch sensor resolution: 
// higher means more stable results, at the cost of higher processing times
#define RESOLUTION 100

#define SMOOTH 100 // determine how many readings are stored for smoothing
float multiplier = 1.2; // determine when the sensor is understood as "ON"
int previousReadings[SMOOTH]; // smooth data a little: the last readings
int currentIndex = 0; // used for cycling through the array
int reading; // the latest reading

// calculate the average of the previous readings
int average(){
  unsigned long sum = 0;
  for(int i = 0; i < SMOOTH; i++){
    sum += previousReadings[i];
  }
  return sum / SMOOTH;
}


void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600); // serial communication
  pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
  // fill the [previousReaings] array with readings
  for(int i = 0; i < SMOOTH; i++){
    previousReadings[i] = ADCTouch.read(TOUCHPIN, RESOLUTION);
  }
}

void loop() {
  
  reading = ADCTouch.read(TOUCHPIN, RESOLUTION); // read the sensor
  Serial.println(reading);
  
  // check if triggered
  if(reading > average() * multiplier){
     digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  }else{
    digitalWrite(13, LOW);
    previousReadings[currentIndex] = reading;
    
    // set index for the next reading
    currentIndex++;
    
    // mnake sure [currentIndex] doesn't get out of bounds
    if(currentIndex >= SMOOTH){
      currentIndex = 0;
    }
 } 
}

To use this code you will need the ADCTouch Library.

CapacitiveSensor Library

The physical setup includes a medium to high value (100K ohm - 50M ohm) resistor between the send pin and the receive (sensor) pin. The receive pin is the sensor terminal. A wire connected to this pin with a piece of foil at the end makes a good sensor.

Wiring

  1. 10M ohm resistor between pin2 and pin4
  2. 1 wire to pin2 to tinfoil

CapacitiveSensorcircuit.png

Code

#include <CapacitiveSensor.h>

CapacitiveSensor   cs_4_2 = CapacitiveSensor(4,2);        // 10M resistor between pins 4 & 2, pin 2 is sensor pin, add a wire and or foil if desired

void setup()                    
{
   cs_4_2.set_CS_AutocaL_Millis(0xFFFFFFFF);     // turn off autocalibrate on channel 1 - just as an example
   Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()                    
{
    long start = millis();
    long total1 =  cs_4_2.capacitiveSensor(30);

    Serial.print(millis() - start);        // check on performance in milliseconds
    Serial.print("\t");                    // tab character for debug windown spacing

    Serial.println(total1);                  // print sensor output 1

    delay(10);                             // arbitrary delay to limit data to serial port 
}

To use this code you will need the CapacitiveSensor Library.

Tutorials

Using a Soil Moisture Sensor

What is a Soil Moisture Sensor?

The Soil Moisture Sensor measures soil moisture grace to the changes in electrical conductivity of the earth (soil resistance increases with drought).

Wiring

Wiring up the sensors is simple:

  1. Power (VCC to 5V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Signal (SIG to A0)

soilcircuit.png

Getting started

This example turns on the built-in LED when the soil is dry.

int sensorPin = A0; 
int sensorValue;  
int limit = 300; //300-600 is a good range of moisture generally

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);
 pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

 sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); 
 Serial.print("Moisture Level: ");
 Serial.println(sensorValue);
 
 if (sensorValue < limit) {
 digitalWrite(13, HIGH); 
 }
 else {
 digitalWrite(13, LOW); 
 }
 
 delay(100); 
}
Tutorials

Using a Force Sensor

What is a Force Sensor?

The Force Sensor senses the resistance value depending on how much it has pressed. It can sense even the slightest touch, therefore you can use it as a touch sensor as well. The difference between this and Capacitive Sensor is that the object you touched doesn't need to be conductive as it is sensing force.

It is cheap and easy to use. It provides accurate readings for physical pressure but it cannot be used for measuring weight. You can put it underneath most materials, e.g. painting, shoes etc, and it is easy to hide.

Wiring

Wiring up the sensor is simple, the sensor is unpolarized so it's doesn't matter which pin to 5V or GND.

  1. Power (one end to 5V)
  2. Ground (one end to GND with 10K resistor)
  3. Signal (GND side to A0)

forcecircuit.png

Getting started

This example turns on the built-in LED when touched lightly.

int sensorPin = A0; 
int sensorValue; 

//sensor value range: 0-1023
//200 is light touch 
//500 is medium touch
//800 is hard touch 
int limit = 200; 

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);
 pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

 sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); 
 Serial.print("Force Level: ");
 Serial.println(sensorValue);
 
 if (sensorValue > limit) {
 digitalWrite(13, HIGH); 
 }
 else {
 digitalWrite(13, LOW); 
 }
 
 delay(100); 
}
Tutorials

Using L293D IC for motors

What is L293D?

The L293D is a 16-pin Motor Driver IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600 mA (per channel) at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. It can be extremely hot. When they get overheated, they may not follow commands anymore.

It is cheap but may not have the easiest pinout to read for beginners.

DC motor

DC motor is very common to be found in toys. It usually comes with 2 wires, one red(+) and one black(-). dcmotor.png

Although it can be small and cheap, it can be very fast. Therefore sometimes it comes with a gearbox which will slow down the speed of the motor.

gearbox.png

Taking a 12V DC motor for example, we connect the red wire of the motor to the positive wire of the power supply and the black wire of the motor to the negative wire of the power supply as normal practice. We will get a motor running clockwise at full speed.

motorClockwise.png

BUT if we reverse the red and black wires of the motor we connect the black wire of the motor to the positive wire of the power supply and the red wire of the motor to the negative wire of the power supply. We will get a motor running anti-clockwise at full speed.

motorAntiClockwise.png

Wiring

Be careful with which pin on the IC to which pin on the Arduino as there are 16 pins you need to connect!

motorcircuit.png

Pinout of L293D

pinout.png

You may not understand what these labels stand for. Let's look at the below one, you can see where they are actually connected to and what they do.

pintoarduino.png

As said earlier, the DC motor changes direction by reversing the + wire and - wire. If you reverse Motor A (+) (Pin3 of IC) and Motor A (-)(Pin6 of IC), the Pin2 of IC (Arduino Pin 5) will be the Clockwise control and the Pin7 of IC (Arduino Pin 6) will be the Anti-clockwise control.

You do not have to strictly follow which digital pins on Arduino to be used, as long as you match the number of pins in the code. And you will need to use PWM(~) pins for both speed control pins on the IC (IC pin1 & 9).

Get started

This example code will let you test the directions of the motors and has custom functions for forward(), backward(), stop(), turnRight() and turnLeft().

//L293D
//Motor A
const int motorAspeed  = 3;
const int motorPin1  = 5;  // Pin 14 of L293
const int motorPin2  = 6;  // Pin 10 of L293
//Motor B
const int motorBspeed  = 11;
const int motorPin3  = 10; // Pin  7 of L293
const int motorPin4  = 9;  // Pin  2 of L293

//This will run only one time.
void setup(){
 
    //Set pins as outputs
    pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(motorPin3, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(motorPin4, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(motorAspeed, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(motorBspeed, OUTPUT);
    

    analogWrite(motorAspeed, 255); //set motor A speed 0-255
    analogWrite(motorBspeed, 255); //set motor B speed 0-255
  /*
    //Motor Control Testing - Motor A: motorPin1,motorpin2 & Motor B: motorpin3,motorpin4
    //This code  will turn Motor A clockwise for 2 sec.
    digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH); //5
    digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
    delay(2000); 
    //This code will turn Motor A counter-clockwise for 2 sec.
    digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH); //6
    digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
    delay(2000);
    
    //This code will turn Motor B clockwise for 2 sec.
    digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin3, HIGH); //10
    digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
    delay(2000); 
  
    //This code will turn Motor B counter-clockwise for 2 sec.
    digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin4, HIGH); //9
    delay(2000);    
    
    //And this code will stop motors
    digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
  */
}


void loop(){
  
  forward();
  delay(5000);
  
  backward();
  delay(5000);
  
  stop();
  delay(5000);
  
  turnRight();
  delay(5000);
  
  turnLeft();
  delay(5000);
}

void forward(){
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin3, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
}


void backward(){
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin4, HIGH);
}

void stop(){
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
}

void turnRight(){
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin3, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
}

void turnLeft(){
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin3, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin4, LOW);
}

There is a simulated circuit made in Tinkercad for you to try out!

Tutorials

(MAC) Automatic printing with Automator

What is Automator?

Apple’s Automator is a built-in Mac feature that allows users to easily “program” their Macs to automatically execute certain repetitive tasks, thus saving time by removing the need to perform said tasks manually.

Automator can be helpful when you don't have much programming knowledge or don't want to do a lot of coding. One of the most common usage is Auto-printing. Unfortunately, the app is not available for other operating systems.

1. Launch Automator

Search for "Automator" in Spotlight and launch.

Launch Automator.png

2. Folder Action

You will see this dialogue when you launch Automator and choose Folder Action.

Folder Action.png

3. Print Finder Items

Drag Print Finder Items to the right side of the window.

Print Finder Items.png

4. Choose Folder & Printer

Choose the folder where you want to put all your printing files and choose the printer that you want to use as the default printer.

choosePrinterFolder.png

5. Save the Script

save&amp;quite.png

6. Quit Automator

You must quit the Automator for it to work.

quitAutomator.png

7. Testing

Put some files into the folder you chose above.

putFilestoFolder.png

8. Printing

All files should be sent and lined up in the Printer dialogue.

Printer dialogue .png

Now that you have set up a auto-print workflow, it can be a great add-on for your project. For example, we have a generative graphic sketch in Processing, we program it to save the graphics every 1 minute in a designated folder and the Automator will print it auotmatically through a thermal printer.

Tutorials

How to use a Bare Conductive Touch Board with Arduino

What is the Bare Conductive Touch Board?

The Bare Conductive Touch Board is a board made by Bare Conductive. The Touch Board has 12 capacitive electrodes that respond to a touch. These electrodes can be extended with conductive materials, like Electric Paint or foil. The Touch Board has on-board MP3 playback and a MIDI synthesizer. This means you can either play MP3 files or simulate a MIDI instrument by touching the electrodes. pf-b1ea0e52--CompTBWhiteFront1080x1080withfeatures.webp

In short, the Touch Board is a pre-built Arduino that combines the functions of play MP3 and capacitive touch sensing, but you can do more than that. If you don't have the Touch Board, you can still do the same things following the above two tutorials.

Hardware Plugin

Whenever we use an Arduino, we have to tell the Arduino IDE which Arduino board we are using, whether it is an Arduino Leonardo or Arduino Mega. So we have to do the same here, telling Arduino IDE which board we are using. In this case, the Bare Conductive Touch Board. However, you cannot find the Touch Board from Tools - Boards. We have to download and put the plugin in place.

  1. Quit Arduino if you have it opened.

  2. Download the Hardware Plugin here: bare-conductive-arduino-public.zip

  3. Create a hardware folder

    Windows: Libraries/Documents/Arduino/hardware

    OR My Documents/Arduino/hardware

    Mac: Documents/Arduino/hardware

    Linux (Ubuntu): Home/Arduino/hardware

  4. Unzip and put the folder inside the hardware folder

Now open Arduino IDE, you will see the Touch Board from Tools - Boards - Bare Conductive Boards.

board.png

Library

The MPR121 is the capacitive touch chip on the Touch Board - this library allows us to access it. The VS1053 chip is the MP3 chip on the Touch Board. It uses two libraries, one for the chip and one for the onboard micro SD card.

  1. Quit Arduino if you have it opened.

  2. Download the MPR121 Library here: mpr121-public.zip

  3. Download the VS1053 Library here: Sparkfun-MP3-Player-Shield-Arduino-Library-master.zip

  4. Go to the libraries folder

    Windows: Libraries/Documents/Arduino/libraries

    OR My Documents/Arduino/libraries

    Mac: Documents/Arduino/libraries

    Linux (Ubuntu): Home/Arduino/libraries

  5. Unzip mpr121-public.zip and find the folder MPR121

  6. Unzip Sparkfun-MP3-Player-Shield-Arduino-Library-master.zip and find the folders: SdFat and SFEMP3Shield.

  7. Copy MPR121, SdFat and SFEMP3Shield Folder to the libraries folder

Now the software Arduino IDE is ready, you will see the libraries from Sketch - Include Library.

File naming

Files saved in the Micro SD card should be named TRACK000.mp3 through TRACK011.mp3, and the Bare Conductive Board will match the file name to the E0 to E11 pins and play the according sound files.

The Touch Board will work with any size micro SD card up to 32GB.
Make sure your new SD card is formatted as FAT32.

Wiring

No wiring is needed. But you can extend each touch point with wires or connect them to any conductive materials, e.g. fruit.

Basic Example

This basic example will play TRACK000.mp3 to TRACK011.mp3 from the SD card when the according pin is touched. Download here: touch-mp3-public.zip

Sample MP3 files

To help you get up and running quickly there are some example MP3's you can use.

Example MP3 Files

Resources

Tutorials

How to use a PIR sensor

What is a PIR sensor?

PIR stands for Passive Infra Red and therefore a PIR sensor can etect movement of objects that radiate IR light (like human bodies). It is very commonly used for the security systems.

pir-motion-sensor-1024x780_1-2268233138.png

The HC-SR501’s infrared imaging sensor is an efficient, inexpensive and adjustable module for detecting motion in the environment. The small size and physical design of this module allow you to easily use it in your project.

The output of PIR motion detection sensor can be connected directly to one of the Arduino (or any microcontroller) digital pins. If any motion is detected by the sensor, this pin value will be set to “1”. The two potentiometers on the board allow you to adjust the sensitivity and delay time after detecting a movement.

Wiring

  1. Singal to Pin 3
  2. Power to 5V
  3. GND to GND

pir.png

Getting started

int ledPin = 13;                // LED 
int pirPin = 3;                 // PIR Out pin 
int pirStat = 0;                   // PIR status
 
void setup() {
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);     
  pinMode(pirPin, INPUT);     
 
  Serial.begin(9600);
}
 
void loop(){
  
  pirStat = digitalRead(pirPin); 
   
  if (pirStat == HIGH) {            // if motion detected
    digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);  // turn LED ON
    Serial.println("Hey I got you!!!");

  } 
  else {
    digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED OFF if we have no motion
   
  }
}
Tutorials

How to use a Neopixel strip

What is Neopixel?

Neopixel is a name given by Adafruit. Neopixel is addressable LEDs, meaning that they can be programmed individually. With the library created by Adafruit, you can easily program the Neopixel strip for your project. They come in different sizes and shapes and you can shorten or lengthen them flexibly. Once set up, they are very durable and efficient. They are commonly found in a lot house decorations or light installations.

th-1530653594.png

Wiring

  1. DIN to Pin6
  2. +5V to 5V
  3. GND to GND

neopixelcircuit.png

Library

Adafruit NeoPixel library will be used.

**Warning**
Download version 1.9.0 or below for a more stable performance.

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Getting started

Once the library is installed, you can use the example code for a test run.

neopixellibrary.png

Before uploading the code to Arduino, one change has to be made. You should be able to find the below lines in the code.

// How many NeoPixels are attached to the Arduino?
#define LED_COUNT 60

You have to make sure how many pixels are attached to the Arduino. For example, if you are using this Neopixel stick with 8 pixels, then you have to change 60 to 8.

neopixelStick.png

// How many NeoPixels are attached to the Arduino?
#define LED_COUNT 8

You should see your Neopixel beamming up right now.

Tutorials

Using a Vibration Motor

What is a vibration motor?

Vibration motor is a DC motor in a compact size that is used to inform the users by vibrating on receiving signals. It is commonly found inside a mobile phone. The one that is available in the lab is coin vibration motor.

vibrationMotor.png

It requires more currnet than an Arduino pin can provide, so a transistor is needed to switch the motor current on and off. Any NPN transistor can be used. In this tutorial, we are using 2N2222. The diode acts as a surge protector against voltage spikes that the motor may produce. The 0.1µF capacitor absorbs voltage spikes produced when the brushes, which are contacts connecting electric current to the motor windings, open and close. To make sure that not too much current flow from the output of the transistor, we place a 1KΩ (or up to 5KΩ) in series with the base of the transistor.

Wiring

These are the electronics used in the circuit.

  1. vibration motor
  2. 2N2222 transistor (or any other NPN transistor)
  3. 0.1µF capacitor
  4. 1N4001 diode
  5. 1KΩ resistor

It is a quite complex circuit but try your best to follow!

Other NPN transistors
You can use other NPN transistors for this tutorial, BUT, they may have a different pinout with 2N2222. Check the pinout of your transistor and make sure the pins go as the following.

1. Emitter (E) to Ground (GND)
2. Base (B) to Data pin (pin 3) with 1KΩ resistor
3. Collector (C) to Ground of the actuator (black wire of the motor)

vibrationMotorCircuit.png

Getting started

This code is getting the motor to vibrate for 1 second and stop for 1 second.

int motorPin = 3; //motor transistor is connected to pin 3

void setup()
{
  pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
  digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH); //vibrate
  delay(1000);  // delay one second
  digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);  //stop vibrating
  delay(1000); //wait 50 seconds.
}
Tutorials

Making Breathing Light with LEDs

What is a LED?

LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. LED includes two pins, Cathode(-), aka the short leg, and Anode(+), aka the longer leg. It is one of the most common components. Making it lights up is usually the first step into physical computing but we are going to do a little bit more this time.

What is PWM pin?

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) pins are the pins that you can find on your Arduino with "~" in front of it. For example, pin D3, D5, D6, D9, D10 and D11 on Arduino UNO are PWM pins. The Arduino IDE has a built in function “analogWrite()” which can be used to generate a PWM signal. The frequency of this generated signal for most pins will be about 490Hz and we can give the value from 0-255 using this function.

  1. analogWrite(0) means a signal of 0% duty cycle. (turns somthing off)
  2. analogWrite(127) means a signal of 50% duty cycle. (turns somthing half on, e.g. dimmed light)
  3. analogWrite(255) means a signal of 100% duty cycle. (turns somthing on)

It can be used in controlling the brightness of LED, speed control of DC motor, controlling a servo motor or where you have to get analog output with digital means.

In this tutorial, we will use the PWM pins to control it and have it perform is breathing light. The second LED in this tutorial is optional.

Wiring

Wiring is simple, there are just 2 wires and a resistor.

  1. LED short pin (-) to Ground
  2. LED long pin (+) to PWM Digital pin (D3), via 220Ω resistor

breathing leds circuit.png

Getting started

#define led 3 //any PWM pins (~)
#define led2 11 //optional 2nd led

int brightness = 0;    // how bright the LED is
int fadeAmount = 5;

void setup() {
  pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(led2, OUTPUT); //optional for 2nd led
}

void loop() {
  //breathing light
  analogWrite(led, brightness);
  analogWrite(led2, brightness); //optional for 2nd led
  
  brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;
  if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {
    fadeAmount = -fadeAmount;
  }
  delay(50); //speed of the pulsing
}
Tutorials

How to control Arduino without using delay()

What is a delay()?

delay() is a function that pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds) specified as a parameter. (1000 milliseconds = 1 second.) delay() is very commonly used but it has its drawbacks. It does not just pause one sensor or actuator that you wish but pauses everything controlled by the same Arduino and the same code. This often leads to the slow down of sensors and thus is not accurate anymore. read more

Getting started

There is a built-in example called BlinkWithoutDelay which demonstrates controlling timing without using delay(). Rather than pausing everything to keep the light on/off for a specific amount of time, we are setting up a timer to count the time for the actuator to action. In this example, you can see the value of the variable interval is actually equal to the same amount of delay() you will need to get the same result of blinking every 1 second.

// constants won't change. Used here to set a pin number:
const int ledPin = LED_BUILTIN;  // the number of the LED pin

// Variables will change:
int ledState = LOW;  // ledState used to set the LED

// Generally, you should use "unsigned long" for variables that hold time
// The value will quickly become too large for an int to store
unsigned long previousMillis = 0;  // will store last time LED was updated

// constants won't change:
const long interval = 1000;  // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)

void setup() {
  // set the digital pin as output:
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

  // check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, if the difference
  // between the current time and last time you blinked the LED is bigger than
  // the interval at which you want to blink the LED.
  unsigned long currentMillis = millis();

  if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {
    // save the last time you blinked the LED
    previousMillis = currentMillis;

    // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
    if (ledState == LOW) {
      ledState = HIGH;
    } else {
      ledState = LOW;
    }

    // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
    digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
  }
}

Multiple Actuators and Multiple Timers

You can set up multiple timers for multiple actuators, like giving each person a watch and ask them to action based on their own watches.

Wiring

There are three wires to connect on the Arduino side:

  1. LED short pin (-) to Ground
  2. LED long pin (+) to PWM Digital pin (D3), via 220Ω resistor

ledcircuit.png

Code

In this code we are adding one more LED to the circuit. The built-in LED will stay the same, on and off every 1 second. The second LED will be one for 1 second and off for 5 second.

const int ledPin =  LED_BUILTIN;
const int ledPin2 = 3; 

unsigned long previousMillis = 0; 
unsigned long previousMillis2 = 0; 

void setup()
{
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
  ledPattern();
  ledPattern2();
}

void ledPattern(){
  
   unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
   digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //turn off at the beginning

   //after 1s, light up, ie 1000
   if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= 1000) {
    digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
    }
    
    //after light up for 1s, off, ie 1000+1000 = 2000
   if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= 2000){
    digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

    //reset timer
    previousMillis = currentMillis;
  }
}

void ledPattern2(){
  
   unsigned long currentMillis2 = millis();
   digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); //turn off at the beginning

   //after 5s, vibrate, ie 5000
   if (currentMillis2 - previousMillis2 >= 5000) {
    digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
    }
    
    //after vibrating for 1s, stop, ie 5000+1000 = 6000
   if (currentMillis2 - previousMillis2 >= 6000){
    digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

    //reset timer
    previousMillis2 = currentMillis2;
  }
}
Tutorials

How to control Arduino without using delay()

What is a delay()?

We have a tutorial about delay() and how to code without using it. Here we will try to simplify the process using the FireTimer library.

Replace delay()

There is an example that is modified from the built-in example Blink code which demonstrates controlling timing without using delay().

#include "FireTimer.h"

// Create a FireTimer object
FireTimer ledTimer;

void setup() {
  // Initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

  // Initialize the FireTimer with a delay of 1000 milliseconds
  ledTimer.begin(1000);
}

void loop() {
  // Check if the timer has fired
  if (ledTimer.fire()) {
    // Toggle the LED state
    static bool ledState = LOW;  // Keep track of the current LED state
    ledState = !ledState;        // Toggle the state
    digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState);
  }
}

Change Timer in the loop()

This is the code to keep the LED on for 1 second and off for 2 seconds using the FireTimer library.

#include "FireTimer.h"

// Create a FireTimer object
FireTimer ledTimer;

void setup() {
  // Initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

  // Start the FireTimer with an initial delay of 1 second (LED ON duration)
  ledTimer.begin(1000);
}

void loop() {
  // Check if the timer has fired
  if (ledTimer.fire()) {
    // Toggle the LED state
    static bool ledState = LOW;  // Keep track of the current LED state

    // Toggle the state
    ledState = !ledState;
    digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState);

    // Update the timer for the next duration:
    // 1 second when LED is ON, 2 seconds when LED is OFF
    if (ledState == HIGH) {
      ledTimer.begin(1000); // LED is ON for 1 second
    } else {
      ledTimer.begin(2000); // LED is OFF for 2 seconds
    }
  }
}

Multiple Actuators and Multiple Timers

You can set up multiple timers for multiple actuators, like giving each person a watch and ask them to action based on their own watches.

Wiring

There are three wires to connect on the Arduino side:

  1. LED short pin (-) to Ground
  2. LED long pin (+) to PWM Digital pin (D3), via 220Ω resistor

ledcircuit.png

Code

In this code we are adding one more LED to the circuit. The built-in LED will stay the same, on and off every 1 second. The second LED will be one for 1 second and off for 5 second.

#include "FireTimer.h"

// Create FireTimer objects for two LEDs
FireTimer led1Timer; // Timer for LED1 (1-second interval)
FireTimer led2Timer; // Timer for LED2 (3-second interval)

const int LED1_PIN = 13; // Pin for the first LED
const int LED2_PIN = 3; // Pin for the second LED

void setup() {
  // Initialize the LED pins as outputs
  pinMode(LED1_PIN, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2_PIN, OUTPUT);

  // Start the timers with their respective intervals
  led1Timer.begin(1000); // LED1 blinks every 1 second
  led2Timer.begin(3000); // LED2 blinks every 3 seconds
}

void loop() {
  // Check if the timer for LED1 has fired
  if (led1Timer.fire()) {
    static bool led1State = LOW; // Keep track of LED1 state
    led1State = !led1State;     // Toggle LED1 state
    digitalWrite(LED1_PIN, led1State);
  }

  // Check if the timer for LED2 has fired
  if (led2Timer.fire()) {
    static bool led2State = LOW; // Keep track of LED2 state
    led2State = !led2State;     // Toggle LED2 state
    digitalWrite(LED2_PIN, led2State);
  }
}
Tutorials

Using a TCS34725 RGB Color Sensor

What is the TCS34725 RGB Color Sensor?

The TCS3472 sensor provides a digital return of red, green, blue (RGB), and clear light sensing values. An RGB Color sensor helps you accurately detect an object’s colour in your Arduino projects.

TCS34725 RGB Color Sensor.png

What is I2C?

The TCS34725 has an I2C interface (SDA and SCL) that connects to the Arduino Board. The IC also has an optional interrupt output pin which can be used to interrupt Arduino.

I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit. It is a bus interface connection protocol incorporated into devices for serial communication. I2C Communication Protocol uses only 2 bi-directional open-drain lines for data communication called SDA and SCL. Both these lines are pulled high. Each data bit transferred on SDA line is synchronized by a high to the low pulse of each clock on the SCL line.

  1. Serial Data (SDA) – Transfer of data takes place through this pin.
  2. Serial Clock (SCL) – It carries the clock signal.

Learn more about I2C

I2C on different Arduino boards

The two major models you can find in Creative Technology Lab are UNO and LEONARDO. Both have I2C function but have a different pinout. For UNO, the SDA pin is A4 and SCL pin is A5. For LEONARDO, the SDA pin is SDA(pin 20) and SCL pin is SCL(pin 21).

Not every Arduino model has I2C function and not all of them have the same pinout. Check the model before you hook it up with the TCS34725 sensor. Learn more

Library

Adafruit TCS34725 will be used for this tutorial. We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Wiring

For LEONARDO, it's more like matching labels.

  1. GND - GND
  2. VIN - 5V
  3. SDA - SDA
  4. SCL - SCL

tsc34725leonardo.png

For UNO, A4 and A5 are the I2C pins rather than just a Analog Input pin.

  1. GND - GND
  2. VIN - 5V
  3. SDA - A4
  4. SCL - A5

tsc34725UNO.png

Getting started

After installing the library and wiring the board, go ahead and use the examples in the File > Examples > Adafruit TCS34725 menu in Arduino, the tcs34725 example is particularly good as it's simple to check it's working.

Doing more

There is an example in the library for Arduino and Processing which can control the background colour using the colour sensor values.

  1. In the File > Examples > Adafruit TCS34725 > colorview in Arduino IDE, upload to Arduino.
  2. In the File > Examples > Adafruit TCS34725 > examples_processing > colorview in Arduino IDE, copy and paste in a Processing sketch.

Serial Port

Before you run the code in Processing, we have to set up the serial port for the communication between Arduino and Processing. Go to line 15.

port = new Serial(this, "COM20", 9600); "COM20" is the name of the serial port, every USB port on everyone's computer is different. Replace "COM20" with your own port name. For me, my port name is "/dev/cu.usbmodem14601" so I changed the code like this. port = new Serial(this, "/dev/cu.usbmodem14601", 9600);

You can find your port name at the bottom of your Arduino IDE or go to Tools > Port > ########(Arduino #####). portName.png

Tutorials

How to use DFPlayer mini to play MP3

What is a DFPlayer?

11/2024 Update
A new library added below.
For people trying to avoid delay(), please use the DFPlayerMini_Fast library instead.

The DFPlayer Mini MP3 Player For Arduino is a small and low-priced MP3 module with a simplified output directly to the speaker. The module can be used as a stand-alone module with an attached battery, speaker and push buttons or used in combination with an Arduino UNO or any other with RX/TX capabilities. Know More

dfplayer.jpg

Wiring

Wiring up the sensor is quite complex, the pins are not labelled so you will have to refer to the pinout. dfplayerpinout.png

DFplayer Mini Wiring
  1. VCC to 5V (Power)
  2. RX to D2 via 1K resistor
  3. TX to D3
  4. SPK_1 to Speaker(+) red wire
  5. GND to GND (Ground)
  6. SPK_2 to Speaker(-) black wire
potentiometer Wiring
  1. right pin to 5V (Power)
  2. middle pin to A0 (Signal)
  3. left pin to GND (Ground) dfplayermini_bb.png

File handling

The order you copy the mp3 onto the micro SD card will affect the order mp3 played, which means the play(1) function will play the first mp3 copied into the micro SD card.

MAC User Attention!
If you are using Mac OS X to copy the mp3, the file system will automatically add hidden files like: "._0001.mp3" for index, which this module will handle as valid mp3 files.

It is really annoying. To remove them, follow the below steps:

  1. Finder - Go to your USB drive
  2. Press Shift + Command + . to reveal all hidden files
  3. Select all .XXXXXX files and directories and delete
  4. Empty Bin
  5. Eject your USB drive

Library

DFRobotDFPlayerMini library will be used for this module. We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Get Started

In this example, we are using the potentiometer to control two audios. It will play the first audio when the potentiometer turns to the right and play the second when it turns to the left.

DF layer will not initiate!
If you didn't put in the SD card, or have no MP3 files in the SD card, the module will not work. Make sure you are using .mp3, not .wav or any other audio formats.

#include "SoftwareSerial.h"
#include "DFRobotDFPlayerMini.h"

// Use pins 2 and 3 to communicate with DFPlayer Mini
static const uint8_t PIN_MP3_TX = 2; // Connects to module's RX
static const uint8_t PIN_MP3_RX = 3; // Connects to module's TX
SoftwareSerial softwareSerial(PIN_MP3_RX, PIN_MP3_TX);

const int pot = A0;
int potValue = 0;

// Create the Player object
DFRobotDFPlayerMini player;

void setup() {

  pinMode(pot, INPUT);

  // Init USB serial port for debugging
  Serial.begin(9600);
  // Init serial port for DFPlayer Mini
  softwareSerial.begin(9600);

  // Start communication with DFPlayer Mini
  if (player.begin(softwareSerial)) {
    Serial.println("OK");

    // Set volume to maximum (0 to 30).
    player.volume(30);
  } else {
    Serial.println("Connecting to DFPlayer Mini failed!");
  }      
}

void loop() {

	potValue = analogRead(pot);

	if(potValue > 500 ){ 

	 static unsigned long timer = millis();
 	 if (millis() - timer > 2000) { //2000 is the duration of the audio(1)
  		timer = millis();

   		//(2) is the 2rd file in the sd card, the order = the order you copied the file to it
   		player.play(2);  
  }
  
	}else {
  	  static unsigned long timer = millis();
  
 	 if (millis() - timer > 3000) { //3000 is the duration of the audio(2)
  	  	timer = millis();
   		player.play(1); 
  		}
	}
}

Better Library

Since the official library uses delay() in the code, it can be problematic when the code is used with other components or sensors.

DFRobotDFPlayerMini_Fast library will be used for this module. You will need to do a manual install for this library. FireTimer library is also needed.

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Example code

The wiring will be the same as above. For further details of this library API, please visit their github page.

#include <DFPlayerMini_Fast.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(3, 2); // RX, TX

DFPlayerMini_Fast myMP3;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  mySerial.begin(9600);
  myMP3.begin(mySerial, true);

  
  delay(1000);
  
  Serial.println("Setting volume to max");
  myMP3.volume(30);
  
  Serial.println("Looping track 1");
  myMP3.loop(1);
}

void loop()
{
  //do nothing
}
Tutorials

How to make Animation on NeoMatrix

What is NeoMatrix?

NeoMatrix is a grid lined up with mutiple Neopixel. Neopixel is addressable LEDs, meaning that they can be programmed individually. With the library created by Adafruit, you can easily program the Neopixel strip for your project. They come in different sizes and shapes and you can shorten or lengthen them flexibly. Once set up, they are very durable and efficient. They are commonly found in a lot house decorations or light installations.We have a tutorial about Neopixel here.

In this tutorial, we are using a 8x8 NeoMatrix from Adafruit.

th-1530653594.png

Wiring

  1. DIN to Pin3
  2. +5V to 5V
  3. GND to GND

neoMatrixcircuit.png

Library

Warning
Download version 1.9.0 or below of Adafruit Neopixel library for a more stable performance.

We will need three libraries for this tutorial.

  1. Adafruit NeoPixel
  2. Adafruit GFX
  3. Adafruit NeoMatrix

We have a tutorial on how to install a library here.

Getting started

The example shows the upward arrow first and then the animation of a colour-changing pattern. The upward arrow is for identifying the orientation of your matrix.

#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_NeoMatrix.h>
#include <Adafruit_NeoPixel.h>

// Which pin on the Arduino is connected to the NeoPixels?
#define PIN 3

// Max is 255, 32 is a conservative value to not overload
// a USB power supply (500mA) for 12x12 pixels.
#define BRIGHTNESS 50

// Define matrix width and height.
#define mw 8
#define mh 8

#define LED_BLACK    0

int counter = 0;
int numImage = 0;

// When we setup the NeoPixel library, we tell it how many pixels, and which pin to use to send signals.
// Note that for older NeoPixel strips you might need to change the third parameter--see the strandtest
// example for more information on possible values.
Adafruit_NeoMatrix *matrix = new Adafruit_NeoMatrix(mw, mh, PIN,
    NEO_MATRIX_TOP     + NEO_MATRIX_LEFT +
    NEO_MATRIX_ROWS + NEO_MATRIX_ZIGZAG,
    NEO_GRB            + NEO_KHZ800);
    
static const uint16_t PROGMEM
// These bitmaps were written for a backend that only supported
// 4 bits per color with Blue/Green/Red ordering while neomatrix
// uses native 565 color mapping as RGB.
// I'm leaving the arrays as is because it's easier to read
// which color is what when separated on a 4bit boundary
// The demo code will modify the arrays at runtime to be compatible
// with the neomatrix color ordering and bit depth.


RGB_bmp[][64] = {


//up for identifying direction
{
0x000,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x000,
0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,
0x000,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x000,
0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,
0x000,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x000,
0x000,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x000,
0x000,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x000,
0x000,  0x000,  0x000,  0x5C9,  0x5C9,  0x000,  0x000,  0x000,
  
},

//pattern1
{
0x72E,  0x000,  0x823,  0x823,  0x823,  0x823,  0x000,  0x72E,
0x000,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x000,
0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,
0x823,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0x823,
0x823,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0x823,
0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,
0x000,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x000,
0x72E,  0x000,  0x823,  0x823,  0x823,  0x823,  0x000,  0x72E,

},



//pattern2
{

0x823,  0x000,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x000,  0x823,
0x000,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x000,
0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,
0xEC5,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xEC5,
0xEC5,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xEC5,
0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,
0x000,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x000,
0x823,  0x000,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x000,  0x823,

},
//pattern3
{

0xEC5,  0x000,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0x000,  0xEC5,
0x000,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0x000,
0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,
0xCDB,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0xCDB,
0xCDB,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0xCDB,
0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,
0x000,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0x000,
0xEC5,  0x000,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0x000,  0xEC5,

},


//pattern4
{
0xCDB,  0x000,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x000,  0xCDB,
0x000,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0x000,
0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,
0x0FF,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x0FF,
0x0FF,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x0FF,
0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,
0x000,  0x0FF,  0x72E,  0x823,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x0FF,  0x000,
0xCDB,  0x000,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0x000,  0xCDB,

  
},

//pattern5
{
0x0FF,  0x000,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x000,  0x0FF,
0x000,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x000,
0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,
0x72E,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x72E,
0x72E,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0x0FF,  0x0FF,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x72E,
0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xCDB,  0xCDB,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,
0x000,  0x72E,  0x823,  0xEC5,  0xEC5,  0x823,  0x72E,  0x000,
0x0FF,  0x000,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x72E,  0x000,  0x0FF,

  
},

};



void display_rgbBitmap(uint8_t bmp_num) {
  static uint16_t bmx, bmy;

  fixdrawRGBBitmap(bmx, bmy, RGB_bmp[bmp_num], 8, 8);
  bmx += 8;
  if (bmx >= mw) bmx = 0;
  if (!bmx) bmy += 8;
  if (bmy >= mh) bmy = 0;
  matrix->show();
}

// Convert a BGR 4/4/4 bitmap to RGB 5/6/5 used by Adafruit_GFX
void fixdrawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint16_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
  uint16_t RGB_bmp_fixed[w * h];
  for (uint16_t pixel = 0; pixel < w * h; pixel++) {
    uint8_t r, g, b;
    uint16_t color = pgm_read_word(bitmap + pixel);

    //Serial.print(color, HEX);
    b = (color & 0xF00) >> 8;
    g = (color & 0x0F0) >> 4;
    r = color & 0x00F;
    //Serial.print(" ");
    //Serial.print(b);
    //Serial.print("/");
    //Serial.print(g);
    //Serial.print("/");
    //Serial.print(r);
    //Serial.print(" -> ");
    // expand from 4/4/4 bits per color to 5/6/5
    b = map(b, 0, 15, 0, 31);
    g = map(g, 0, 15, 0, 63);
    r = map(r, 0, 15, 0, 31);
    //Serial.print(r);
    //Serial.print("/");
    //Serial.print(g);
    //Serial.print("/");
    //Serial.print(b);
    RGB_bmp_fixed[pixel] = (r << 11) + (g << 5) + b;
   // Serial.print(" -> ");
    //Serial.print(pixel);
    //Serial.print(" -> ");
    //Serial.println(RGB_bmp_fixed[pixel], HEX);
  }
  matrix->drawRGBBitmap(x, y, RGB_bmp_fixed, w, h);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);

  matrix->begin();
  matrix->setTextWrap(false);
  matrix->setBrightness(BRIGHTNESS);
  // Test full bright of all LEDs. If brightness is too high
  // for your current limit (i.e. USB), decrease it.
  //matrix->fillScreen(LED_WHITE_HIGH);
  //matrix->show();
  //delay(1000);
  matrix->clear();
  numImage=(sizeof(RGB_bmp) / sizeof(RGB_bmp[0]));
  Serial.print("Number of images: ");
  Serial.println(numImage);
}



void loop() {

  // clear the screen after X bitmaps have been displayed and we
  // loop back to the top left corner
  // 8x8 => 1, 16x8 => 2, 17x9 => 6
  static uint8_t pixmap_count = ((mw + 7) / 8) * ((mh + 7) / 8);
  // Cycle through red, green, blue, display 2 checkered patterns
  // useful to debug some screen types and alignment.

  Serial.print("Screen pixmap capacity: ");
  Serial.println(pixmap_count);

  display_rgbBitmap(counter++);
  delay(500);

  if (counter >=numImage){
    counter = 0;
  }

  Serial.println ("----------------------------------------------------------------");
  //delay(1000);
}

You should see your Neopixel displaying the animation frame by frame right now.

Creating your own Animation

To create the animation, we have to convert your animation into HEX code frame by frame. We have an Excel file you can download to do that.

1. Enable Macros for Excel

enableMacros.png

2. Set up your Matrix

Type in the number of row and column (blue boxes) and then press Update Color_Pixel Page.

updatecolorpixelpage.png

3. Create your Frame

Go to the Color_Pixel Tab, and start filling your Matrix with colours. Black means turning off that LED.

fillyourmatrix.png

4. Convert your Frame to Code

When you are happy with your design, go to the Config Tab and press Update 4 Bit Values.

update4bitsvalues.png

5. Copy your Code

Copy the Code in the 4_bit_values.

4bitsvaluecopy.png

6. Paste your Code in Arduino IDE

The yellow highlighted part within {} will be the code to be replaced. Upload, then you are good to go! copy4bittoarduino.png

Tutorials

How to build a Simple Robot Arm with Servo Motor and Joystick

How to construct a robotic arm?

A simple robotic arm is basically like a human arm which consists of the upper arm, lower arm and hand (gripper). There are a lot of online resources for laser-cut files that you can use. After you have found one or designed one, you can go to the 3D Workshop to laser cut the hardware. In this tutorial, we will focus on how to control the servo motor (the joint of your robotic arm) with two potentiometers.

csm_pmma-robotic-arm.png

You can use more or less servo motors in your design based on how many joints you need. In this tutorial, we will use two servo motors, one for the rotation at the base and one for the angle of the upper arm.

Wiring

  1. Servo: Power to 5V
  2. Servo: Ground to GND
  3. Servo: Signal to 6/10
  4. Potentiometer: Right pin to 5V
  5. Potentiometer: Left pin to GND
  6. Potentiometer: Middle pin to A0/A1

servoscircut.png

Getting started

This code is getting the servo motors to rotate based on the potentiometers' values.

#include <Servo.h>

#define potRotation      A0 
#define potAngle      A1 
#define servoRotation  10  
#define servoAngle  6 

// create servo object to control a servo 
Servo rotateServo;  
Servo angleServo; 

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600) ;
  rotateServo.attach(servoRotation);
  angleServo.attach(servoAngle);
}

void loop() {
  // read analog potentiometer values
  int rotation = analogRead(potRotation);
  int angle = analogRead(potAngle);

  int rotationMapped = map(rotation, 0, 1023, 0, 180); // scale it to the servo's angle (0 to 180)
  int angleMapped = map(angle, 0, 1023, 0, 180); // scale it to the servo's angle (0 to 180)

  rotateServo.write(rotationMapped); // rotate servo motor 1
  angleServo.write(angleMapped); // rotate servo motor 2

  // print data to Serial Monitor on Arduino IDE
  Serial.print("potRotation: ");
  Serial.print(rotation);
  Serial.print(", potAngle:");
  Serial.print(angle);
  Serial.print(" => Servo Motor Rotation: ");
  Serial.print(rotationMapped);
  Serial.print("°, Angle:");
  Serial.print(angleMapped);
  Serial.println("°");
}
}
Tutorials

How to Program an ATtiny85 with an Arduino Uno

What is an ATtiny85?

ATtiny85 is a 8-bit AVR microcontroller based on AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It has an 8-pin interface (PDIP) and comes in the category of low-power microcontrollers. This microcontroller is designed and manufactured by Microchip. Know More

attiny85.jpeg

Set the Arduino Uno Into ISP Mode

So that the Arduino can act as a device to upload code to ATtiny85. File - Examples - Arduino ISP - ArduinoISP

Add this line #define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING to the code before setup()

UPLOAD!

Wiring

The pins are not labelled so you will have to refer to the pinout. attiny85_pinout.jpeg Arduino --> ATtiny85

  1. 5V --> Vcc (8)
  2. GND --> GND (4)
  3. Pin 13 --> Pin 2 (7)
  4. Pin 12 --> Pin 1 (6)
  5. Pin 11 --> Pin 0 (5)
  6. Pin 10 --> Reset (1)

Only when you are uploading code to ATtiny85
Put a 10uF capacitor between GND and RESET on Arduino

Adding Attiny85 to Boards Manager

We have to make ATtiny compatible with Arduino IDE first, so that we can choose ATting85 from Tools -> Board Go to Arduino Preference

Copy the below code and paste it into Additional Boards Manager URLs, if you already have a board manager URL just add a comma before pasting. Click OK and restart Arduino IDE.

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/damellis/attiny/ide-1.6.x-boards-manager/package_damellis_attiny_index.json

Additional Boards Manager URLs.png

Go to Tools - Board - Boards Manager, search for ATtiny, then install! attinyBoard.png

Get Started

Before uploading the code, we have to change some settings.

  1. Tools -> Board scroll to the bottom select ATtiny25/45/85
  2. Tools -> Processor--> 8 MHz (internal)
  3. Tools-->Programmer-->Arduino as ISP
  4. Check that all wiring, capacitor, and board selections are correct.

toolsSetting.png

Open up a basic code and upload as usual! If it doesn't work, try Tools - Burn Bootloader

Tutorials

Using the MAX9814 mic amplifier

This Adafruit MAX9814 microphone amplifier allows you to easily detect sound. 

There are a total of five connections on this mic, however we will only be using VCC, GND and OUT in our wiring. You can read more about this component here.

Wiring 

  1. Power (VCC to 3.3V)
  2. Ground (GND to GND)
  3. Output to analog pin on the Arduino (OUT to A0)

There are three wires:

sound-detector-schematics.png

Retrieving Data 

This code allows instructs the mic to detect and prints out values corresponding to the sound's varying volume.

int MicPin = A0; 
int MicVolume = 0; // Define a variable MicVolume and initialize it to 0

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(115200); // Initialize serial communication
}

void loop() {
    MicVolume = analogRead(MicPin); 
    Serial.println(MicVolume);
}

You can check that your circuit is working by looking at the Serial Plotter; In the menu bar go to Tools > Serial Plotter or press Command + Shift + L on your keyboard. Make sure this is set to 115200 baud.

Screenshot 2024-02-09 at 13.14.00.png

To utilise this data, you can temporarily slow down the data coming in from the mic and look to the Serial Monitor this time, to set up your own threshold, e.g. :

void loop() {
    MicVolume = analogRead(MicPin); 
    
    if (MicVolume > 400) { // If the volume is above this threshold a warning comes up in the Serial Monitor
      Serial.println("Loud noise");
      delay(500);
    } else {
    Serial.println(MicVolume); 
    }
}


Tutorials

How to use Grove Serial Bluetooth v3.0

What is Grove Serial Bluetooth v3.0

Grove - Serial Bluetooth is an easy-to-use module compatible with the existing Grove Base Shield, and designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. In this tutorial, we will be using two Grove Serial Bluetooth modules and two Arduino to perform a wireless communication.

You can read more about this component here.

Wiring (Master - Sending data)

Interrupt Pins for RX/TX
In this tutorial, I am using an UNO which has pin 2 & 3 as the interrupts pins. Check the model you are using and change the pins accordingly.

  1. VCC (Red) to 5V
  2. GND (Black) to GND
  3. RX (White) to pin 3 (Arduino TX)
  4. TX (Yellow) to pin 2 (Arduino RX)
  5. Button to GND
  6. Button to pin 13

GroveBluetoothMasterCircuit.png

Wiring (Slave - Receving data)

  1. VCC (Red) to 5V
  2. GND (Black) to GND
  3. RX (White) to pin 3 (Arduino TX)
  4. TX (Yellow) to pin 2 (Arduino RX)

GroveBluetoothSlaveCircuit.png

Code - Master

This code reads the signal from the button and sends it to the Slave Arduino.


/*
 * FM.h
 * A library for SeeedStudio Grove FM
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012 seeed technology inc.
 * Website    : www.seeed.cc
 * Author     : Steve Chang
 * Create Time: JULY 2014
 * Change Log : Modified by loovee 2013-10-29  ,   Modified by jacob yan 2014-7-29 
 
 * The MIT License (MIT)
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>                         // Software Serial Port

#define RxD         2
#define TxD         3

#define PINBUTTON   13                               // pin of button

#define DEBUG_ENABLED  1



SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD);

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    pinMode(RxD, INPUT);
    pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(PINBUTTON, INPUT_PULLUP);
    
    setupBlueToothConnection();
    //wait 1s and flush the serial buffer
    delay(1000);
    Serial.flush();
    blueToothSerial.flush();
}

void loop()
{
    
    static unsigned char state = 1;             // led off
    //Serial.println(digitalRead(PINBUTTON));
    
    if(digitalRead(PINBUTTON))
    {
        //state = 1-state;
        
        Serial.println("button on");
        
        blueToothSerial.print(state);
        
        delay(10);
        while(digitalRead(PINBUTTON))       // until button release
        {
            delay(10);
        }
        
        Serial.println("button off");
    }
}

/***************************************************************************
 * Function Name: setupBlueToothConnection
 * Description:  initilizing bluetooth connction
 * Parameters: 
 * Return: 
***************************************************************************/
void setupBlueToothConnection()
{

	
    blueToothSerial.begin(9600);  
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT");
	delay(400); 
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+DEFAULT");             // Restore all setup value to factory setup
	delay(2000); 
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+NAMESeeedMaster");    // set the bluetooth name as "SeeedMaster" ,the length of bluetooth name must less than 12 characters.
	delay(400);
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+ROLEM");             // set the bluetooth work in slave mode
	delay(400); 
	
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+AUTH1");            
    delay(400);    
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+CLEAR");             // Clear connected device mac address
    delay(400);   
	
    blueToothSerial.flush();
	
	
}

Code - Slave

/*
 * FM.h
 * A library for SeeedStudio Grove FM
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012 seeed technology inc.
 * Website    : www.seeed.cc
 * Author     : Steve Chang
 * Create Time: JULY 2014
 * Change Log : Modified by loovee 2013-10-29  ,   Modified by jacob yan 2014-7-29
 
 * The MIT License (MIT)
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */



#include <SoftwareSerial.h>   //Software Serial Port

#define RxD         2
#define TxD         3

#define PINLED      13

#define LEDON()     digitalWrite(PINLED, HIGH)
#define LEDOFF()    digitalWrite(PINLED, LOW)

#define DEBUG_ENABLED  1

SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD);

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    pinMode(RxD, INPUT);
    pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(PINLED, OUTPUT);
    LEDOFF();
    
    setupBlueToothConnection();
}

void loop()
{
    char recvChar;
    
    while(1)
    {
        if(blueToothSerial.available())
        {//check if there's any data sent from the remote bluetooth shield
            recvChar = blueToothSerial.read();
            Serial.print(recvChar);
            
            if(recvChar == '1')
            {
                LEDON();
            }
            else if(recvChar == '0')
            {
                LEDOFF();
            }
        }
    }
}




/***************************************************************************
 * Function Name: setupBlueToothConnection
 * Description:  initilizing bluetooth connction
 * Parameters: 
 * Return: 
***************************************************************************/
void setupBlueToothConnection()
{	

	
	
	blueToothSerial.begin(9600);  
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT");
	delay(400); 

	blueToothSerial.print("AT+DEFAULT");             // Restore all setup value to factory setup
	delay(2000); 
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+NAMESeeedBTSlave");    // set the bluetooth name as "SeeedBTSlave" ,the length of bluetooth name must less than 12 characters.
	delay(400);
	
    blueToothSerial.print("AT+PIN0000");             // set the pair code to connect 
	delay(400);
	
	blueToothSerial.print("AT+AUTH1");             //
    delay(400);    

    blueToothSerial.flush();

}

Connection

After uploading both codes to both Arduinos, reset them simultaneously. The LEDs on the modules will be flashing and wait until they stay on, then they are connected.

You may need to repeat a couple of times to get them connected, it's all about patience.

Tutorials

How to use MatrixPortal M4

What is MatrixPortal M4

The MatrixPortal M4 is a development board created by Adafruit designed to control RGB LED matrices. It is equipped with an ATSAMD51 microcontroller (Cortex M4) and has built-in Wi-Fi support thanks to the ESP32 coprocessor.

Here are some key features of the MatrixPortal M4:

  1. Microcontroller: ATSAMD51, Cortex M4 processor running at 120 MHz.
  2. Coprocessor: ESP32 handles Wi-Fi and network communication.
  3. Memory: 512KB of RAM, 8MB of QSPI flash storage.
  4. Matrix Control: Dedicated connectors for RGB LED matrices (HUB75 interface), allowing direct control without needing additional hardware.
  5. Power: Can be powered via USB-C or through the matrix’s power supply.
  6. Programming: Supports programming via CircuitPython and Arduino IDE.
  7. Wi-Fi Connectivity: Useful for IoT projects that require network connectivity, such as weather stations, stock tickers, or message boards.

It’s great for building projects that involve large, colourful LED displays, such as scrolling text, interactive dashboards, or internet-connected signs. In this tutorial, we will use CircuitPython to program a 64X32 matrix as CircuitPython libraries make it easier to display images, animations, text, etc than Arduino IDE.

You can read more about this component here.

led_matrices_4745-06.jpg

Wiring

There is no wiring needed for basic setup, it's literally plug and play. Please refer to this page to see how to set it up.

adafruit_io_mxprtl-3876.jpg

Using a 64X64 Matrix

led_matrices_matrixportal_pinout_e_jumper.png

Ask a Technician first!
If you are using a MatrixPortal M4 borrowed from us, please do not do this step yourself, ask a technician for help instead.

This jumper is used for use with 64x64 matrices. You can close the jumper by using your soldering iron to melt a blob of solder on the bottom solder jumper so the middle pad is 'shorted' to 8 as below.

IMG_5496.jpg

You can read more about Address E Line Jumper here.

Install CircuitPython

CircuitPython and libraries versions
In this tutorial, we are using CircuitPython 9.0.5 (11/10/2024), all libraries and code used are compatible with this version. Please double-check the latest version of CircuitPython you have installed and use updated and compatible libraries.

CircuitPython is an open-source programming language designed for microcontrollers. It's a beginner-friendly version of Python developed by Adafruit, optimized for hardware projects like controlling sensors, displays, and other electronics.

1. Download CircuitPython

Download the latest version for MatrixPortal UF2 file for your board here.

2. Put the Board into Bootloader Mode

To install CircuitPython, you need to place the board into bootloader mode.

3. Copy the CircuitPython UF2 File

Libraries

Common libraries you need:

  1. adafruit_matrixportal
  2. adafruit_debouncer.mpy
  3. adafruit_portalbase
  4. adafruit_esp32spi
  5. neopixel.mpy
  6. adafruit_bus_device
  7. adafruit_requests.mpy
  8. adafruit_fakerequests.mpy
  9. adafruit_io
  10. adafruit_bitmap_font
  11. adafruit_display_text
  12. adafruit_lis3dh.mpy
  13. adafruit_minimqtt
  14. adafruit_ticks.py
  15. adafruit_rgb_display
  16. adafruit_imageload
  17. adafruit_display_shapes

Code - Scrolling Text

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Jeff Epler for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

# This example implements a simple two line scroller using
# Adafruit_CircuitPython_Display_Text. Each line has its own color
# and it is possible to modify the example to use other fonts and non-standard
# characters.

import adafruit_display_text.label
import board
import displayio
import framebufferio
import rgbmatrix
import terminalio
from adafruit_bitmap_font import bitmap_font
from displayio import Bitmap

# If there was a display before (protomatter, LCD, or E-paper), release it so
# we can create ours
displayio.release_displays()
matrix = rgbmatrix.RGBMatrix(
    width=64, bit_depth=6,
    rgb_pins=[
        board.MTX_R1,
        board.MTX_G1,
        board.MTX_B1,
        board.MTX_R2,
        board.MTX_G2,
        board.MTX_B2
    ],
    addr_pins=[
        board.MTX_ADDRA,
        board.MTX_ADDRB,
        board.MTX_ADDRC,
        board.MTX_ADDRD
    ],
    clock_pin=board.MTX_CLK,
    latch_pin=board.MTX_LAT,
    output_enable_pin=board.MTX_OE
)
display = framebufferio.FramebufferDisplay(matrix, auto_refresh=False)
keycolour = 0X7BFF4A
# Create two lines of text to scroll. Besides changing the text, you can also
# customize the color and font (using Adafruit_CircuitPython_Bitmap_Font).
# To keep this demo simple, we just used the built-in font.
# The Y coordinates of the two lines were chosen so that they looked good
# but if you change the font you might find that other values work better.
line1 = adafruit_display_text.label.Label(
    terminalio.FONT,
    color=keycolour, #white
    text="This is Creative Technology Hub")
line1.x = display.width
line1.y = 5

line2 = adafruit_display_text.label.Label(
    terminalio.FONT,
    color=0x000000,
    background_color=keycolour,
    background_tight = True,
    text="Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Helloooooooooo")
line2.x = display.width
line2.y = 15

line3 = adafruit_display_text.label.Label(
    terminalio.FONT,
    color=keycolour,
    
    text="Stop peeking come in")
line3.x = display.width
line3.y = 26

# Put each line of text into a Group, then show that group.
g = displayio.Group()
g.append(line1)
g.append(line2)
g.append(line3)
display.root_group = g

# This function will scoot one label a pixel to the left and send it back to
# the far right if it's gone all the way off screen. This goes in a function
# because we'll do exactly the same thing with line1 and line2 below.
def scroll(line):
    line.x = line.x - 1
    line_width = line.bounding_box[2]
    if line.x < -line_width:
        line.x = display.width

# This function scrolls lines backwards.  Try switching which function is
# called for line2 below!
def reverse_scroll(line):
    line.x = line.x + 1
    line_width = line.bounding_box[2]
    if line.x >= display.width:
        line.x = -line_width

# You can add more effects in this loop. For instance, maybe you want to set the 
# color of each label to a different value.
while True:
    scroll(line1)
    #scroll(line2)
    scroll(line3)
    reverse_scroll(line2)
    display.refresh(minimum_frames_per_second=1)
Tutorials

Using MatrixPortal M4 for animation

How to use MatrixPortal M4 for animation

We have another tutorial for setting up the MatrixPortal board and covering the basics. This tutorial will focus on creating an animation to display on a 64x32 matrix.

IMG_5497.jpg

CircuitPython and libraries versions
In this tutorial, we are using CircuitPython 9.0.5 (11/10/2024), all libraries and code used are compatible with this version. Please double-check the latest version of CircuitPython you have installed and use updated and compatible libraries.

Creating the Spitesheet

A spritesheet is a single image file that contains a collection of smaller images (called sprites) arranged in a grid or some other layout. These individual sprites can represent various frames of an animation, characters, objects, or other visual elements in a video game or graphic application.

We will need to use a bitmap spitesheet. If you just want to test the code, you can download the test.bmp and skip this part for now.

1. Piskel

Piskel is a free online editor for animated sprites & pixel art.

piskel.png

Screenshot 2024-10-11 at 12.04.56.png

2. Photoshop

bmp format.png

Importing the Image

  1. Create a folder called bmp in the CIRCUITPY drive.
  2. Copy the bitmap file you have created into the folder.

Code

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 John Park for Adafruit Industries
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

import time
import os
import board
import displayio
from digitalio import DigitalInOut, Pull
from adafruit_matrixportal.matrix import Matrix
from adafruit_debouncer import Debouncer

SPRITESHEET_FOLDER = "/bmp"
DEFAULT_FRAME_DURATION = 0.1  # 100ms

FRAME_DURATION_OVERRIDES = {
    "KIRBY.bmp": 0.05,
}

# --- Display setup ---
matrix = Matrix(width=64, height=64, bit_depth=6)
sprite_group = displayio.Group()
matrix.display.root_group = sprite_group


file_list = sorted(
    [
        f
        for f in os.listdir(SPRITESHEET_FOLDER)
        if (f.endswith(".bmp") and not f.startswith("."))
    ]
)

if len(file_list) == 0:
    raise RuntimeError("No images found")

current_image = None
current_frame = 0
current_loop = 0
frame_count = 0
frame_duration = DEFAULT_FRAME_DURATION
direction = 1 #1 for forward, -1 for backward

def load_image():
    """
    Load an image as a sprite
    """
    # pylint: disable=global-statement
    global current_frame, current_loop, frame_count, frame_duration
    while sprite_group:
        sprite_group.pop()

    filename = SPRITESHEET_FOLDER + "/" + file_list[current_image]


    # # CircuitPython 7+ compatible
    bitmap = displayio.OnDiskBitmap(filename)
    sprite = displayio.TileGrid(
         bitmap,
         pixel_shader=bitmap.pixel_shader,
         tile_width=bitmap.width,
         tile_height=matrix.display.height,
     )

    sprite_group.append(sprite)

    current_frame = 0
    current_loop = 0
    frame_count = int(bitmap.height / matrix.display.height)
    frame_duration = DEFAULT_FRAME_DURATION
    if file_list[current_image] in FRAME_DURATION_OVERRIDES:
        frame_duration = FRAME_DURATION_OVERRIDES[file_list[current_image]]
    direction = 1

def advance_image():
    """
    Advance to the next image in the list and loop back at the end
    """
    # pylint: disable=global-statement
    global current_image
    if current_image is not None:
        current_image += 1
    if current_image is None or current_image >= len(file_list):
        current_image = 0
    load_image()


def advance_frame():
    """
    Advance to the next frame and loop back at the end
    """
    # pylint: disable=global-statement
    global current_frame, current_loop, direction
    current_frame += direction
    if current_frame >= frame_count:
        current_frame = frame_count - 1
        direction = -1  # Reverse direction
    elif current_frame < 0:
        current_frame = 0
        direction = 1  # Forward direction
    sprite_group[0][0] = current_frame



advance_image()

while True:
    advance_frame()
    time.sleep(frame_duration)
Tutorials

Using AVR ISP MKII to upload firmware to Arduino

What is AVR ISP MKII?

The AVRISP mkII is a USB-based In-System Programmer (ISP) used to program Atmel (now Microchip) AVR microcontrollers. It's designed for developers and hobbyists to upload firmware to AVR-based chips directly on a circuit board without needing to remove the chip.

ATAVRISP2-1908688492.jpg

In this tutorial, we will burn the bootloader to an Arduino UNO (re-upload the firmware to the ATmega328P chip on UNO).

Supported Microcontrollers

It is compatible with a wide range of AVR microcontrollers, including the popular ATmega and ATtiny series.

  1. Arduino Uno
  2. Arduino Nano
  3. Arduino Leonardo
  4. Arduino Mega 2560

However, it is not compatible with microcontrollers with ARM-based chips or ESP microcontrollers, such as

  1. Arduino Due
  2. Arduino Zero
  3. Arduino MKR series
  4. Arduino Nano 33 series

Software Compatibility

Works with Atmel Studio (formerly AVR Studio), Arduino IDE and other tools supporting AVR programming. In this tutorial, we will be using Arduino IDE.

Connection

Arduino+UNO+Pinout-1338624350.png

Status LEDs

General speaking, Green = Everything is OK. Red = There is an issue.

Below is some common examples:

Everything works fine: AVR_greenLight.jpg

Missing power supply for target Arduino: AVR_redLight.jpg

6-pin connection wrong direction: AVR_redLight_2.jpg

Burn bootloader with Arduino IDE

  1. Board: Choose your target Arduino
  2. Leave the Port empty
  3. Click Burn Bootloader
  4. Done!

arduinoIDEburnbootloader.png

Tutorials

DFRobot Sensor Testing: HX711 Weight Sensor, Voice Recorder Module Pro, Speech Synthesis Module V2

We tested a few DFRobot sensors by following their tutorials. Before you jump into using these sensors, we have some tips for you.

HX711 Weight Sensor

This sensor can measure weight up to 1kg, and is compatible with Arduino, micro:bit, ESP32 and Raspberry Pi via I2C communication.

weight sensor.jpg

You will need to install the library DFRobot_HX711_I2C library which is available in Arduino library manager. However, the Arduino source file DFRobot_HX711_I2C.h will prompt an error in the console. To fix it, you simply need to remove this part sensor IIC address*/ from this line #define HX711_I2C_ADDR (0x64) sensor IIC address*/.

Please see here for their official tutorial.

Speech Synthesis Module V2

This module can turn text into speech. It supports both English and Mandarin languages and uses I2C or UART for communication.

DFR0760.jpg

If you are using the V2 version, make sure you download and install the DFRobot_SpeechSynthesis_V2 library which is only available via manual install. There is a tutorial for installing libraries on Arduino.

In the V2 library, you can only use the Female voice, but you can change the pitch by setting the tone from 0-9 (0 is the deepest).

Please see here for their official tutorial.

Voice Recorder Module Pro

This module has an integrated recording and playback function and supports I2C communication. It can store 10 segments of 100s audio.

DFR0699.jpg

It also has a simplified speech synthesis function, for numbers 0 to 9 only. The built-in LED is very helpful when using the module.

  1. Off: No recording at the current number
  2. Yellow: There is a recording at the current number
  3. Red: Is recording
  4. Green: Is playing
  5. Flashing in red: Is deleting

Please see here for their official tutorial.

Machine Learning with Physical Computing - TensorFlow Lite & Arduino Nano 33

What is TensorFlow?

TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by Google. It provides a comprehensive ecosystem of tools, libraries, and community resources for building and deploying machine learning models across a variety of platforms, from servers to mobile devices and embedded systems.

With TensorFlow, developers can easily design, train, and deploy machine learning models for various tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, and more. TensorFlow offers high-level APIs for building and training models, as well as lower-level operations for fine-grained control and optimization.

How Machine Learning work with Physical Computing?

TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers is a lightweight version of TensorFlow designed specifically for microcontrollers and other resource-constrained devices. It enables developers to run small machine-learning models directly on microcontrollers, allowing for on-device inference without the need for network connectivity or reliance on cloud services.

TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers provides tools and libraries for converting trained TensorFlow models into a format suitable for microcontrollers, as well as APIs for integrating these models into embedded applications. It supports a variety of microcontroller platforms and architectures, making it accessible for a wide range of embedded development projects.

With TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers, developers can implement machine learning capabilities directly on devices such as sensors, wearables, and IoT devices, enabling intelligent edge computing and real-time inference without requiring constant communication with external servers.

What is Arduino Nano 33 BLE?

The Arduino Nano 33 BLE Series is a great choice to get started with embedded machine learning. It is built upon the nRF52840 microcontroller and runs on Arm® Mbed™ OS.

The Nano 33 BLE Series are tiny but come with a brunch of extras, including built-in connectivity options such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or LoRa, enabling seamless communication with other devices, networks, or the internet, making them well-suited for IoT and wireless applications.

Some Nano 33 boards also feature integrated sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and environmental sensors, providing built-in sensing capabilities for motion detection, orientation tracking, environmental monitoring, and more.

Gesture Classification

In this tutorial, we are going to use the IMU sensor on the SENSE REV2 to record some gestures data, train a model with the dataset and have Arduino classify movements based on the model.

This tutorial is developed based on the tutorial by Sandeep Mistry and Dominic Pajak. This tutorial is modified for NANO 33 SENSE REV2 board. If you are using other NANO boards, please refer to Mistry and Pajak's tutorial.

Warning
Versions of everything are important for this to work. Make sure you download and install the correct one AND have the right board!

Set up Arduino IDE

Software: Arduino IDE 1.8.19 [14/5/2024].

Install board packages
  1. Go to Tools - Board - Board Management
  2. Search for Arduino Mbed OS Nano BoardsMbedOSNano.png
  3. Choose and install Version 4.0.10
  4. It may take a few minutes.
  5. When it's done, you should able to choose Arduino Nano 33 BLEnano33BLE.png
Install TensorFlow library 2.4.0

TensorFlow library is not available from the library manager anymore, so you will need to do a manual install. We are using an older version for this tutorial [14/5/2024]. Download the zip here.

For other and latest versions, please visit the official github page.

Install IMU Library

To use the IMU (inertial measurement unit) in Nano 33 BLE Rev2 and Nano 33 BLE Sense Rev2, you need to use the Arduino_BMI270_BMM150 library instead of Arduino_LSM9DS1 which is used in all example code.

Replace #include <Arduino_LSM9DS1.h> with #include <Arduino_BMI270_BMM150.h> in all existing codes if you are using Rev2 boards.

For more information about libraries for NANO 33 SENSE REV2, please visit here.

Collect Data

First, upload the below code to your Arduino, and see if any data coming through from the Serial monitor.

/*
  IMU Capture
  This example uses the on-board IMU to start reading acceleration and gyroscope
  data from on-board IMU and prints it to the Serial Monitor for one second
  when the significant motion is detected.
  You can also use the Serial Plotter to graph the data.
  The circuit:
  - Arduino Nano 33 BLE or Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense board.
  Created by Don Coleman, Sandeep Mistry
  Modified by Dominic Pajak, Sandeep Mistry
  This example code is in the public domain.
*/

#include <Arduino_BMI270_BMM150.h>

const float accelerationThreshold = 2.5; // threshold of significant in G's
const int numSamples = 119;

int samplesRead = numSamples;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial);

  if (!IMU.begin()) {
    Serial.println("Failed to initialize IMU!");
    while (1);
  }

  // print the header
  Serial.println("aX,aY,aZ,gX,gY,gZ");
}

void loop() {
  float aX, aY, aZ, gX, gY, gZ;

  // wait for significant motion
  while (samplesRead == numSamples) {
    if (IMU.accelerationAvailable()) {
      // read the acceleration data
      IMU.readAcceleration(aX, aY, aZ);

      // sum up the absolutes
      float aSum = fabs(aX) + fabs(aY) + fabs(aZ);

      // check if it's above the threshold
      if (aSum >= accelerationThreshold) {
        // reset the sample read count
        samplesRead = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  // check if the all the required samples have been read since
  // the last time the significant motion was detected
  while (samplesRead < numSamples) {
    // check if both new acceleration and gyroscope data is
    // available
    if (IMU.accelerationAvailable() && IMU.gyroscopeAvailable()) {
      // read the acceleration and gyroscope data
      IMU.readAcceleration(aX, aY, aZ);
      IMU.readGyroscope(gX, gY, gZ);

      samplesRead++;

      // print the data in CSV format
      Serial.print(aX, 3);
      Serial.print(',');
      Serial.print(aY, 3);
      Serial.print(',');
      Serial.print(aZ, 3);
      Serial.print(',');
      Serial.print(gX, 3);
      Serial.print(',');
      Serial.print(gY, 3);
      Serial.print(',');
      Serial.print(gZ, 3);
      Serial.println();

      if (samplesRead == numSamples) {
        // add an empty line if it's the last sample
        Serial.println();
      }
    }
  }
}
Create CSV files
  1. Stay in your neutral position with the sensor in your hand
  2. Press the reset button on Arduino
  3. Go to the terminal and type in the command cat /dev/[serialPort] > [GESTURE].csv <- change [serialPort] and [GESTURE] csv
  4. Start moving with your sensor! Keep a 1-second interval and repeat the same movement at least 10+ times.
  5. When done, Press the reset button on Arduino.
  6. The CSV file is created.

Repeat #1 to #6 for second, third, fourth....movements. In this tutorial, I am only using two movements as data. Now I have my punch.csv and flex.csv ready, we can go to the browser.

Train a Model

We are going to use Google Colab to train our machine learning model with TensorFlow. Google Colab is a free cloud-based platform provided by Google that allows users to write, execute, and share Python code using a web-based interface. It provides a hosted Jupyter Notebook environment that requires no setup or installation, making it easy for individuals and teams to collaborate on Python projects, particularly in the fields of data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

You will need a Google account and make a copy of the notebook, if you are not sure about Google Colab, please attend the GANs with Python workshop. It usually works better with Google Chrome.

Warning
Your Google account and Colab should be in English to avoid any broken file path errors.

  1. Google Collab notebook: jo-arduino_tinyml.ipynb

  2. TensorFlow Version supported by Google Colab: from 2.8.0rc0 to the latest [14/5/2024]

google colab

Click [#], you will see a green tick next to it once it's completed. Go through the whole notebook and get all of them completed one by one. Screenshot 2024-05-14 at 14.23.10.png

In the end, when you reached [18], you will see model.h created in the content folder. Double click and you will see the header file opened on the right-hand side. modelh

Start Classification!

Now go back to Arduino IDE.

/*
  IMU Classifier
  This example uses the on-board IMU to start reading acceleration and gyroscope
  data from on-board IMU, once enough samples are read, it then uses a
  TensorFlow Lite (Micro) model to try to classify the movement as a known gesture.
  Note: The direct use of C/C++ pointers, namespaces, and dynamic memory is generally
        discouraged in Arduino examples, and in the future the TensorFlowLite library
        might change to make the sketch simpler.
  The circuit:
  - Arduino Nano 33 BLE or Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense Rev2 board.
  Created by Don Coleman, Sandeep Mistry
  Modified by Dominic Pajak, Sandeep Mistry
  This example code is in the public domain.
*/

#include "Arduino_BMI270_BMM150.h"

#include <TensorFlowLite.h>
#include <tensorflow/lite/micro/all_ops_resolver.h>
#include <tensorflow/lite/micro/micro_error_reporter.h>
#include <tensorflow/lite/micro/micro_interpreter.h>
#include <tensorflow/lite/schema/schema_generated.h>
#include <tensorflow/lite/version.h>

#include "model.h"

const float accelerationThreshold = 2.5; // threshold of significant in G's
const int numSamples = 119;

int samplesRead = numSamples;

// global variables used for TensorFlow Lite (Micro)
tflite::MicroErrorReporter tflErrorReporter;

// pull in all the TFLM ops, you can remove this line and
// only pull in the TFLM ops you need, if would like to reduce
// the compiled size of the sketch.
tflite::AllOpsResolver tflOpsResolver;

const tflite::Model* tflModel = nullptr;
tflite::MicroInterpreter* tflInterpreter = nullptr;
TfLiteTensor* tflInputTensor = nullptr;
TfLiteTensor* tflOutputTensor = nullptr;

// Create a static memory buffer for TFLM, the size may need to
// be adjusted based on the model you are using
constexpr int tensorArenaSize = 8 * 1024;
byte tensorArena[tensorArenaSize] __attribute__((aligned(16)));

// array to map gesture index to a name
const char* GESTURES[] = {
  "punch",
  "flex"
};

const int arraySize = 2; 

#define NUM_GESTURES (sizeof(GESTURES) / sizeof(GESTURES[0]))



int findHighestIndex(float arr[], int size) {
    if (size == 0) {
        return -1; // Return -1 if the array is empty
    }
    int maxIndex = 0; // Initialize maxIndex with the index of the first element of the array
    for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
        if (arr[i] > arr[maxIndex]) {
            maxIndex = i;
        }
    }
    return maxIndex;
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial);

  // initialize the IMU
  if (!IMU.begin()) {
    Serial.println("Failed to initialize IMU!");
    while (1);
  }

  // print out the samples rates of the IMUs
  Serial.print("Accelerometer sample rate = ");
  Serial.print(IMU.accelerationSampleRate());
  Serial.println(" Hz");
  Serial.print("Gyroscope sample rate = ");
  Serial.print(IMU.gyroscopeSampleRate());
  Serial.println(" Hz");

  Serial.println();

  // get the TFL representation of the model byte array
  tflModel = tflite::GetModel(model);
  if (tflModel->version() != TFLITE_SCHEMA_VERSION) {
    Serial.println("Model schema mismatch!");
    while (1);
  }

  // Create an interpreter to run the model
  tflInterpreter = new tflite::MicroInterpreter(tflModel, tflOpsResolver, tensorArena, tensorArenaSize, &tflErrorReporter);

  // Allocate memory for the model's input and output tensors
  tflInterpreter->AllocateTensors();

  // Get pointers for the model's input and output tensors
  tflInputTensor = tflInterpreter->input(0);
  tflOutputTensor = tflInterpreter->output(0);
}

void loop() {
  float aX, aY, aZ, gX, gY, gZ;

  // wait for significant motion
  while (samplesRead == numSamples) {
    if (IMU.accelerationAvailable()) {
      // read the acceleration data
      IMU.readAcceleration(aX, aY, aZ);

      // sum up the absolutes
      float aSum = fabs(aX) + fabs(aY) + fabs(aZ);

      // check if it's above the threshold
      if (aSum >= accelerationThreshold) {
        // reset the sample read count
        samplesRead = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  // check if the all the required samples have been read since
  // the last time the significant motion was detected
  while (samplesRead < numSamples) {
    // check if new acceleration AND gyroscope data is available
    if (IMU.accelerationAvailable() && IMU.gyroscopeAvailable()) {
      // read the acceleration and gyroscope data
      IMU.readAcceleration(aX, aY, aZ);
      IMU.readGyroscope(gX, gY, gZ);

      // normalize the IMU data between 0 to 1 and store in the model's
      // input tensor
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 0] = (aX + 4.0) / 8.0;
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 1] = (aY + 4.0) / 8.0;
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 2] = (aZ + 4.0) / 8.0;
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 3] = (gX + 2000.0) / 4000.0;
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 4] = (gY + 2000.0) / 4000.0;
      tflInputTensor->data.f[samplesRead * 6 + 5] = (gZ + 2000.0) / 4000.0;

      samplesRead++;

      if (samplesRead == numSamples) {
        // Run inferencing
        TfLiteStatus invokeStatus = tflInterpreter->Invoke();
        if (invokeStatus != kTfLiteOk) {
          Serial.println("Invoke failed!");
          while (1);
          return;
        }


        int highestIndex = findHighestIndex(tflOutputTensor->data.f, arraySize);
        Serial.print("This is a ");
        Serial.print(GESTURES[highestIndex]);
        Serial.println("!");
        
        Serial.println();
      }
    }
  }
}

Click on the small arrow on the right and choose New Tab. Name the tab model.h and copy & paste from the Google Colab model.h file.

Screenshot 2024-05-14 at 14.35.32.png

Upload the code and go to the serial monitor. Do one of the gestures you trained. You will see how confident the machine is in classifying each gesture and decide which gesture you just did. result

HAVE FUN!